Peer Review On Object Recognition

This double dissociation therefore suggests that recognition of faces and common objects is served by different mechanisms that are independent for each other. Although brain cells of face recognition have not been located, some functional models could help us interpret face recognition and prosopagnosia. One of the most influential models was proposed by Bruce and Young (1986). In this model face recognition involves several steps, and three steps more relate to prosopagnosia.

The brain consists of billions of neurones and trillions of connections. Those neurones are able to ‘represent’ things

The connectionist model describes the different areas of the brain and how they process particular types of information (Brookshire & McNeil, 2015). We have a greater understanding of left hemispheric damage. For example, if an individual has damage to their posterior-inferior third frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere, they will present with Broca’s aphasia, which evidences as motor planning deficits. While scientists and researchers have a general understanding of what the right hemisphere is responsible for, we have yet to understand specific areas precise responsibilities. Generally, we recognize the right hemisphere is responsible for behavior and cognition, perception, recognition and expression, attention, and pragmatic communication (Brookshire &

The most modern evidence comes from neuroimaging. The N170 ERP was instrumental in highlighting brain activation when viewing face stimuli. The activation patterns helped to locate the fusiform face area (FFA) because N170 was so distinct to faces. In this essay the fMRI research into the FFA will be explored in detail. To prove faces are special, the research aimed to find a correlation between distinct face-processing brain activity and a specific brain region. The FFA was discovered in 1997 by Kanwisher. It was first described as a brain region which only responded to faces. In fact, activation was found for cat faces and cartoon faces (Tong et al, 2000). There was also some very low level activation to animals, houses and

This implies that bilateral and unilateral hippocampus does not contribute majorly to familiarity and recollection of unknown human’s faces.

The first concern pertained to a statement made by police officers. Brain asks that I clarify what perception, attention and memory means. He also requests that I explain how perception and attention influence the precision of memories.

In 1982 Ungerleider and Mishkin proposed the existence of a dorsal stream that processed special features, such as location in the field of view , and a ventral stream that processed visual features, such as the color or texture of the actual object. Through this model, the idea of “where” vs. “what” was formed. They tested this idea through an experiment where monkeys had been trained for two specific tasks, one that used the “where” and one that used the “what” aspect of vision. The experimenters then created brain lesions in the parietal cortex of some of the monkeys to test how it affected “where” and brain lesions in the inferotemporal cortex in the other monkeys to test how it affected “when.” “The results showed that monkeys with damage

Once again we look at how these areas function after being damage. For example damage to the premotor cortex may result in a range of problems such as apraxia, which is the inability to carry out actions that require skill that previously could be performed.

Association areas: interpret information from the senses and are concerned with intellectual and emotional processes

This essay will talk about face recognition and several reasons why it has been studied separately. The ability to recognise faces is of huge significance of people’s daily life and differs in important ways from other forms of object recognition (Bruce and Young, 1986). Than this essay will talk about the processes involved in face recognition which comes from the diversity of research about familiar and unfamiliar faces-it includes behavioural studies, studies on brain-damaged patients, and neuroimaging studies. Finally, it will discuss how face recognition differs from the recognition of other object by involving more holistic or configuration processing and different areas of the brain (Eysenck & Keane, 2005).

Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is a form of visual agnosia characterized by an inability to recognize faces. Usually those with Prosopagnosia are able to see the features on a person 's appearance with little difficulty; however, it is the retention and synthetization of those images that challenges them. Many people also report deficits in other aspects of face processing, such as judging age or gender, recognizing certain emotional expressions, or following the direction of a person 's eye gaze. Currently, scientists have yet to come to a consensus on the actual cause of the disease, but many suspect it is linked to extensive damage of the occipital and temporal lobes. Presently, one speculation is that Prosopagnosia is connected to the fusiform gyrus, an area of the brain located on the inferior/median temporal lobe. As found by researchers, “the fusiform gyrus is thought to constitute a “core” visual representation system for faces, in part because they show face selectivity and face repetition suppression” (Furl, N., Garrido, L., Dolan, R. J., Driver, J., & Duchaine, B., 2011, 1723-1740). However, looking at recent fMRI studies, scientists are questioning whether these conditions and damages to the fusiform gyrus relate to face processing skills at all (Furl, N. et al, 2011). Due to this uncertainty another theory has evolved. As stated by Gainotti (2010, 763-766), “prosopagnosia is due to disruption of purely visual entities, the face

The field of cognitive neuroscience seeks to understand the processes underlying cognition and neural connections. One major subfield of neuroscience utilizes electrophysiological properties of the brain to record neural activity through electrodes on the scalp (EEG). Furthermore, the analysis of the signal to noise ratios leads to event related potentials (ERPs). These event related potentials measure the brain’s response to specific cognitive events. Also through previous research ERP’s have been correlated with face perception in humans and monkeys; subsequently, prosopagnosia and lesion studies in the inferior occipitotemporal region bolsters the notion that the brain utilizes specific areas to perceive faces (Bentin et al., 1996). Additional

It has been suggested that within the neural network of the inferior parietal cortex and the prefrontal cortex residing in the right hemisphere, there is a system that plays a special role in interpersonal awareness (Decety & Sommerville, 2003). In developmental psychology, it is proposed that, because Theory of mind tasks activates neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex, that self and other representations are closely interconnected, and that this can help us identify with others (Decety & Sommerville, 2003). In neurological terms, this is part of a biological system which supports our social interactions from a ‘self’

Using multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA), they found that the neural representations of face and objects can be discriminated not only by activation patterns within the specific cortical regions that maximally respond to one category, but can also be identified according to the patterns of nonmaximal responses (Haxby et al., 2001), which provided us with novel insights into the neural mechanism underlying the decoding of semantic categories.

The Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) and the top front areas of the brain are the most recently evolved and abstract regions of the brain, which is what makes humans brains so unique apart from all other species. The human brain is a social brain (Giedd, J. N., 2012), Thus our burgeoning evolution as the most dominant species is thanks to our social interactions, relationships, and collective cooperation. Face to Face (FTF) interaction is our evolutionary signature of advanced social cognition. An example is by observing the facial expressions and body stances of an individual. The brain picks up these cues and begins what is called mentalizing; the ability to attribute mental state to others and understand others perspective are different than one 's own (Somerville, L. H., 2013). The