Content
Antibiotics
Introduction
Discovery
Structure
Mechanism of action
Class of drug
Medical use
Adverse effect
Antibiotics:
Antibiotics is the chemical substances which derived from living organisms that are capable to inhibit or kill the other living organism’s life process.
The first antibiotics were isolated from microorganisms but some are now obtained from higher plants and animals.
Over 3,000 antibiotics have been identified but only a few dozen are used in medicine.
Antibiotics are the most widely prescribed class of drugs comprising 12% of the prescriptions in the United States.
A common scheme of classifications for antibiotics is drawn below:
Introduction of penicillin:
Penicillin are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics.
Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered from the mold Penicillium notatum in 1928 by Alexander Fleming at St. Mary’s Hospital in London, England.
The structure of penicillin is a nucleus consisting of a beta-lactam ring (4 membered cyclic amide) and a side chain. The beta-lactam ring is necessary for antibacterial activity, and the side chain determines the antibacterial spectrum and pharmacologic properties.
Beta-lactamases (also called penicillinases) are enzymes that deactivate penicillin by destroying the beta-lactam ring by hydrolysis. Beta-lactamases allow bacteria to be resistant to penicillin.
Various penicillin differ mainly by the structure of the side chain.
In addition to their
Acacia Dairsow Page one P.5 The Amazing Discovery of Penicillin and Antibiotics! Antibiotics have been around for years, but at the same time only for a short period, as in about 80 years ago Therefore penicillin and antibiotics are one of the greatest discoveries of the 20th century Seeing as how Penicillin is one of the greatest discoveries of the 20th century, it is now commonly used to cure “common” or “simple” infections, Alexander Fleming was the one to discover Penicillin and its uses, and Penicillin was actually discovered by accident. I’ve used a variety of sources to learn and study about one
In this reading there was many very interesting facts about penicillin. Penicillin was a breakthrough in the medical field in the 20th century. The scientist Alexander Fleming had accidentally spilled a vile of bacteria on to a plate of bacteria to his benefit he found that is had stopped the growth of bacteria. This accidental discover has benefited everyone in the world because we have to get these shots if we are infected, plus it saved many life’s in world war II. However, Penicillin is considered an antibiotic chemical that is created by living organism to stop the growth of bacteria and prevent an illness if people were to come into contact with this problem. Since the discovery and massive stock piling of this cure it has become less
Antibiotics, composed of microorganisms such as streptomycin and penicillin, kill other infectious microorganisms in the human body. At one point, antibiotics were considered to have “basically wiped out infection in the United States”, but due to their overuse and evolutionary
Penicillin was first introduced by Alexander Fleming In September 28,1928 in London . It all started one holiday when Fleming simply forgot to close all the windows and bleach all his dishes. Later on his return Fleming noticed mold in the dishes. As said in the text “Something had killed the bacteria that was covering the jelly. Straight away Fleming saw that this might be important”( AB-Resources for Schools).This shows how Fleming knew something was unique in this bacteria.Some famous word that Fleming said were, “I certainly didn’t plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic,or bacteria
The discovery of penicillin was one of the most important discoveries in the 1900s and marks a turning point in human history. Penicillin was one of the world’s first antibiotics which eventually evolved into modern antibiotics that are used today; it has often been described as a miracle drug. The discovery of penicillin meant that doctors finally could completely cure their patients of deadly diseases. After World War I, many soldiers died from infected wounds because the antiseptics used, killed the patients’ immunological defences more than they killed the invading bacteria. Penicillin kills bacteria by destroying the cell wall of the microorganism causing the cell to burst; it was very effective in clearing bacteria without harming the
Antibiotics are inarguably one of the greatest advances in medical science of the past century. Although the first natural antibiotic Penicillin was not discovered until 1928 by Scottish biologist Alexander Flemming, evidence exists that certain plant and mold growths were used to treat infections in ancient Egypt, ancient India, and classical Greece (Forrest, 1982). In our modern world with the advent of synthetic chemistry synthetic antibiotics like Erithromycin and its derivative Azithromycin have been developed. Antibiotics have many uses including the treatment of bacterial and protozoan infection, in surgical operations and prophylactically to prevent the development of an infection. Through these applications, antibiotics have saved countless lives across the world and radically altered the field of medicine. Though a wonderful and potentially lifesaving tool, antibiotic use is not without its disadvantages. Mankind has perhaps been too lax in regulation and too liberal in application of antibiotics and growing antibiotic resistance is the price we must now pay. A recent study showed that perhaps 70% of bacterial infections acquired during hospital visits in the United States are resistant to at least one class of antibiotic (Leeb, 2004). Bacteria are not helpless and their genetic capabilities have allowed them to take advantage of society’s overuse of antibiotics, allowing them to develop
Penicillin brought about the biggest search in medical history. It was reasoned that if there was one antibiotic in nature, there must be many more, and there were.
Antibiotics differ from many other drugs in the fact that the treatment is for a very short time compared to drugs used to treat hypertension, diabetes, Parkinson’s, or cancer. The latter disorders have in common that the treatment, from the moment of diagnosis, is life-long. The treatment period for antibiotics is only a few weeks, making the return of investment poor. Increasing demands of authorities in both development and marketing phase and in legislation increase the costs of new antibiotics.[1] [3]
The disclosure by Alexander Fleming of penicillin opened up a totally new time of chemotherapy. Antibiotics are the chemotherapeutic specialists that kill or inhabit the development of microorganisms. These substance operators are utilized to treat malady by wrecking pathogenic microorganisms or restraining their development at focus sufficiently low to enough to avoid undesirable harm to the host (Dafale et al., 2016).
Jesse Lane says in Not-So-Dumb Luck, When he came back, he noticed that every dish he had left out in the open was covered in mold.” She later says, “The dish that had caught Fleming’s eye contained a staphylococci culture- in other words, it was chock full of bacteria- and while Fleming had been away, the culture had also grown a tuft of yellow-green mold.” And that was the beginning revolutionary history of penicillin. Later in the paragraph the author says, “After some experimentation, he found that the ring was bacteria free, and that the mold was a rare spore called Penicillium notatum,” Where the name penicillin comes from ”which had wafted on air currents into his lab from another floor.” If he hadn’t gone on vacation and left his lab a mess then penicillin wouldn’t be with us today saving lives.Thirdly, penicillin is a widely used medicine that kills bacteria and treats
Chemical antimicrobial agents are chemical compounds capable of either inhibiting the growth of microorganisms or killing them outright. Those which are taken internally to alleviate the symptoms of or promote healing from disease are called chemotherapeutic drugs, and among these is a class of compounds called antibiotics. In order for a chemotherapeutic drug to be classed as an antibiotic, it must be produced by a microorganism such as bacterium or fungus or at least derived from a chemical produced by one. It must also be capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms and of doing so when taken in very small quantities.
They were working on it around World War II, they believe that the medicine had potential. They wanted to find a way to use the medicine on humans to help reduce the bacteria infections in a wound. When they did find a way, it mass-produced and used in the war. The medicine saved many lives. The scientist Florey, Chain, and Fleming were awarded the Nobel Prize. Fleming was alone credited with the penicillin discovery. Even though the discovery of penicillin was a simple accident, but all the series of events that led up to being a very useful medicine.
Antibiotics have played an essential role in the fight against diseases and infections since the 1940’s. Antibiotics are a leading cause for the rise of global average life expectancy in the 20th and 21st century. They have greatly reduced illnesses and deaths due to diseases. With the introductions of antibiotics in the 1940’s, like penicillin into clinical practice, formally deadly illnesses became immediately curable and saved thousands of lives (Yim 2006). Antibiotic use has been beneficial and when prescribed and taken correctly their effects on patients are exceedingly valuable. However, because these drugs have been used so widely and for such a long period of time the bacteria that the antibiotics are designed to kill have adapted,
Antibiotics are amongst the most important medical discoveries and their introduction represents a remarkable success story (Hedin, 2011). The term antibiotics literally means against life (Walsh, 2000). Thus antibiotics can be used against any microbe such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. However, some people use the term to only apply to bacteria, but in this paper, the more appropriate term will be used.
Since the inception of penicillin, many synthetic penicillin have been developed to treat problem with resistance”. In addition, penicillin is a class of antimicrobial drug that is used to treat infections including respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted disease. Also, they are effective for treating infections of the heart that are caused by bacteria. Beta-Lactam Antibiotics effective in treating polymicrobial infections. They are effective in treating intra abdominal and gynecologic infections. Cephalosporin’s are similar to the penicillin and can be divided into four generations based on the antimicrobial spectrum activity. The first generation were the first class that was utilized and used to treat skin infection, urinary tract infections and preventive measure for surgical procedures The second generation was used to treat community acquired pneumonia, and other respiratory infections. The third was used to treat bacterial meningitis and nosocomial infections (Arcangelo & Peterson,