Penicillin Allergies Evolutionary Analysis

In this reading there was many very interesting facts about penicillin. Penicillin was a breakthrough in the medical field in the 20th century. The scientist Alexander Fleming had accidentally spilled a vile of bacteria on to a plate of bacteria to his benefit he found that is had stopped the growth of bacteria. This accidental discover has benefited everyone in the world because we have to get these shots if we are infected, plus it saved many life’s in world war II. However, Penicillin is considered an antibiotic chemical that is created by living organism to stop the growth of bacteria and prevent an illness if people were to come into contact with this problem. Since the discovery and massive stock piling of this cure it has become less

Penicillin is a type of antibiotics. It fights nasty bacteria in a human body. Penicillin is used to help many different infections caused by bacteria. Penicillin was made for the soldiers in world war one, it was to help bullet wound infections and infections caused by lost limbs. Penicillin is made from extracting it from mould.

Fleming in 1928. Penicillin helped to treat some common infections: step throat, boils, it would heal wounds quicker, as well as treat more serious infections such as meningitis and pneumonia. Antibiotics usually kill only weak bacteria and after some years of antibiotic usage stronger bacteria have not only survived but also became resistant to the old cure. “Doctors have started to prescribe antibiotics to cure conditions such as ear infections, sinusitis, bronchitis, non-specific upper respiratory tract infections and even common colds and flu… According to the Director of Antimicrobial Resistance, Dr. Richard Besser, each year US physicians write $50 million worth of prescriptions that are ineffectual and unnecessary.” (Elisa Bussey). The more doctors were prescribing antibiotics, the bigger the number of people who become resistant to them. Most of the European countries prescribe antibiotics to kill bacteria only in cases of life threatening conditions. Patients in the US have become accustomed to receiving antibiotics for almost any health concerns and with time, patients have started to expect such prescriptions as a norm.

Antibiotics are inarguably one of the greatest advances in medical science of the past century. Although the first natural antibiotic Penicillin was not discovered until 1928 by Scottish biologist Alexander Flemming, evidence exists that certain plant and mold growths were used to treat infections in ancient Egypt, ancient India, and classical Greece (Forrest, 1982). In our modern world with the advent of synthetic chemistry synthetic antibiotics like Erithromycin and its derivative Azithromycin have been developed. Antibiotics have many uses including the treatment of bacterial and protozoan infection, in surgical operations and prophylactically to prevent the development of an infection. Through these applications, antibiotics have saved countless lives across the world and radically altered the field of medicine. Though a wonderful and potentially lifesaving tool, antibiotic use is not without its disadvantages. Mankind has perhaps been too lax in regulation and too liberal in application of antibiotics and growing antibiotic resistance is the price we must now pay. A recent study showed that perhaps 70% of bacterial infections acquired during hospital visits in the United States are resistant to at least one class of antibiotic (Leeb, 2004). Bacteria are not helpless and their genetic capabilities have allowed them to take advantage of society’s overuse of antibiotics, allowing them to develop

As the text stated “ In the war, penicillin proved its mettle throughout history, the major killer in wars had been infection on rather than battle injuries. In World War I, the death rate from bacterial pneumonia was 18 percent; in World War II, it fell, to less than 1 percent.”(The Real Story Behind Penicillin). This proves that when U.S. was entering world War II this medicine was very useful to cure many soldiers. After penicillin arrived , we can see how different it was before,and after penicillin. In fact penicillin also helped England during world war II. In “Lax, Eric” it says “they performed their work on a minuscule budget with makeshift equipment during the most perilous time for England in world war II”(page 3). Clearly, penicillin helped many during world war II. This determines that penicillin had a huge impact in the United

The discovery of penicillin was one of the most important discoveries in the 1900s and marks a turning point in human history. Penicillin was one of the world’s first antibiotics which eventually evolved into modern antibiotics that are used today; it has often been described as a miracle drug. The discovery of penicillin meant that doctors finally could completely cure their patients of deadly diseases. After World War I, many soldiers died from infected wounds because the antiseptics used, killed the patients’ immunological defences more than they killed the invading bacteria. Penicillin kills bacteria by destroying the cell wall of the microorganism causing the cell to burst; it was very effective in clearing bacteria without harming the

The patient is allergic to Penicillin; this antibiotic is part of the penicillin family. This is drug is not to be taken if allergic to any penicillin antibiotic.

In 1928 Dr. Alexander Fleming began to sort through a pile of petri dishes containing colonies of bacteria that causes boils, sore throats, and abscesses. As he sorted through the dishes he noticed something unusual on one dish. It was dotted with colonies, and one area had a blob of mold growing. The area of mold was later identified as a rare strain of Penicillium notatum, the mold had secreted something that inhibited bacterial growth. Fleming later uncovered that this mold was capable of killing a wide range of harmful bacteria such as streptococcus, meningococcus and the diphtheria bacillus, that had played humanities. Prior to the discovery of Penicillin, Sulfa drugs were used during World War II. These drugs were name as the “wonder drug”. Although they’re still used today, Sulfa drugs were used to cure bacterial infections such as UTIs and gonorrhea. The new found drug penicillin, would cure millions and replace the use of Sulfa drugs.

Mr BT has a medical history of hypersensitivity to penicillin, this indicates that he has a penicillin allergy. Penicillin allergy happens when the immune system reacts to the drug as if it were a dangerous substance instead of a helpful remedy. The immune system activates certain cells to produce immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to fight the component of penicillin to which the patient is allergic too. Chemicals release by the immune cells can cause the signs and symptoms related with an allergic reaction. Penicillin is a simple structure and of low molecular weight. It has been identified that low molecular weight substances are able to illicit immune responses are called haptens. Alone, haptens cannot cause an immune response it must bind to innate proteins in the plasma and cell surfaces to form hapten-carrier complexes. Most haptens are the breakdown products which are isomers of penicillin (Neal & Michael, 2012). The beta-lactam ring is unsteady and when it binds to a protein it acylates lysine residues bring about in a penicilloyl epitope known as benzylpenicilloyl .These hapten-carrier complexes are recognized as antigen by IgE on mast cells and basophiles (Neal & Michael, 2012).

Dr. Gumma mentioned that in prescribing antibiotic, it is very important to determine the patient’s allergy to

The disclosure by Alexander Fleming of penicillin opened up a totally new time of chemotherapy. Antibiotics are the chemotherapeutic specialists that kill or inhabit the development of microorganisms. These substance operators are utilized to treat malady by wrecking pathogenic microorganisms or restraining their development at focus sufficiently low to enough to avoid undesirable harm to the host (Dafale et al., 2016).

E.O's health care provider prescribed penicillin because it is an antibiotic used to treat many infections, but he is concerned about an allergic reaction caused by IgE antibodies. E.O's asthma history and allergic reactions to bee stings clue the health care provider into pondering that she might have Type 1 Hypersensitivity. If this is the case, E.O is at a high risk for an allergic reaction to the penicillin, because any previous exposure to penicillin might have triggered some immunity towards it.

Since antibiotics, such as penicillin, became widely available in the 1940s, they have been called miracle drugs. They have been able to eliminate bacteria without significantly harming the other cells of the host. Now with each passing year, bacteria that are immune to antibiotics have become more and more common. This turn of events presents us with an alarming problem. Strains of bacteria that are resistant to all prescribed antibiotics are beginning to appear. As a result, diseases such as tuberculosis and penicillin-resistant gonorrhea are reemerging on a worldwide scale (1).

Americans today tend to believe that penicillin, a well known medicine that kills bacteria, was discovered by Alexander Fleming. Well they are partially correct because penicillin was first noticed by Ernest Duchesne. The discovery of penicillin is very odd, but without it people can die. The development and discovery of penicillin was started by an accident, then moved on to experimentation, and after that scientist went on trying to make more quantities for clinical uses.

Antibiotics was developed to combat bacteria by zero in on the bacteria’s structure. As time goes by bacteria can defeat antibiotics in their natural selection. Natural selection plays an important role in the progression of antibiotic resistance. Most of the bacteria dies when it is exposed to antibiotics they are sensitive to. Therefore, it creates more space and availability of nutrients for the surviving antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Subsequently,