Penicillin Lab Report

To begin, Penicillin became a widely used medicine for many reasons. One reason it became widely used was because how it was discovered. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming. Alexander went on a month long vacation, and came back to his lab cultures being covered in mold. One particular culture looked different, he noticed that the mold on that culture killed all the bacteria in it. Alexander did a bunch of experiments and discovered that the mold could kill bacteria and that could benefit humans. According to the text “It seemed that as it had grown, the mold killed the bacteria in the culture.” This quote means that if the mold could kill the bacteria in the culture than it could kill the bacteria in a human.

See Table 1 and Flow Chart 1 for results of Bacteria # 1 and Table 2 and Flow Chart 2 for results of Bacteria # 2.

Penicillin is an antibiotic that is used to treat infections caused by Bacteria. One may think that Penicillin has been around for a long time however, it was

In this reading there was many very interesting facts about penicillin. Penicillin was a breakthrough in the medical field in the 20th century. The scientist Alexander Fleming had accidentally spilled a vile of bacteria on to a plate of bacteria to his benefit he found that is had stopped the growth of bacteria. This accidental discover has benefited everyone in the world because we have to get these shots if we are infected, plus it saved many life’s in world war II. However, Penicillin is considered an antibiotic chemical that is created by living organism to stop the growth of bacteria and prevent an illness if people were to come into contact with this problem. Since the discovery and massive stock piling of this cure it has become less

Antibiotics either stop the bacterial cell from reproducing or kill the cell. They can disrupt the bacteria by deterring

Penicillin is a type of antibiotics. It fights nasty bacteria in a human body. Penicillin is used to help many different infections caused by bacteria. Penicillin was made for the soldiers in world war one, it was to help bullet wound infections and infections caused by lost limbs. Penicillin is made from extracting it from mould.

Fleming in 1928. Penicillin helped to treat some common infections: step throat, boils, it would heal wounds quicker, as well as treat more serious infections such as meningitis and pneumonia. Antibiotics usually kill only weak bacteria and after some years of antibiotic usage stronger bacteria have not only survived but also became resistant to the old cure. “Doctors have started to prescribe antibiotics to cure conditions such as ear infections, sinusitis, bronchitis, non-specific upper respiratory tract infections and even common colds and flu… According to the Director of Antimicrobial Resistance, Dr. Richard Besser, each year US physicians write $50 million worth of prescriptions that are ineffectual and unnecessary.” (Elisa Bussey). The more doctors were prescribing antibiotics, the bigger the number of people who become resistant to them. Most of the European countries prescribe antibiotics to kill bacteria only in cases of life threatening conditions. Patients in the US have become accustomed to receiving antibiotics for almost any health concerns and with time, patients have started to expect such prescriptions as a norm.

Penicillin was first introduced by Alexander Fleming In September 28,1928 in London . It all started one holiday when Fleming simply forgot to close all the windows and bleach all his dishes. Later on his return Fleming noticed mold in the dishes. As said in the text “Something had killed the bacteria that was covering the jelly. Straight away Fleming saw that this might be important”( AB-Resources for Schools).This shows how Fleming knew something was unique in this bacteria.Some famous word that Fleming said were, “I certainly didn’t plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic,or bacteria

     Penicillin has helped save many lives throughout the years. It has cured things like strep throat, which many people have had in their lives, syphilis, and gonorrhea. It also sparked a new wave of

2. If E.O had previous exposure to penicillin through other medians, sensitization has occurred. During sensitization, IgE antibodies bind to mast cell membranes through receptors. This process makes the mast cells sensitized to penicillin, and

General Biology Bryarra Tinoco BIO102 - Spring Semester – 2015 February 24, 2015 Introduction For this lab the experiment was to test how effective the antibiotic properties were in four substances. The hypothesis that I conducted for this lab was that if the disks containing the substances had a zone of inhibition then the antibiotic effect could be measured and compared.

These mutations, no matter what process that has led to their occurrence, block the action of antibiotics by interfering with their mechanism of action (1). Currently, antibiotics attack bacteria through one of two mechanisms. In both mechanisms the antibiotic enters the microbe and interferes with production of the components needed to form new bacterial cells. Some antibiotics act on the cell membrane, causing increased permeability and leakage of cell contents. Other antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis in cells. They block one or more of the steps involved in the transformation of nucleic acids into proteins.

This assures that the bacteria are either killed or reduced enough in numbers so that the body can repel them. When too little antibiotic is taken, bacteria can often develop methods to protect themselves against it . The next time the antibiotic is needed against these bacteria, it will not be effective. Taking in Antibiotics.

The target molecules are peptidoglycan cross-linking enzymes (e.g. transpeptidases and carboxypeptidases) which can bind beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin binding proteins, PBP). (Heesemann, 1993). Beta-lactam antibiotics efficiently block the normal transpeptidation process by inhibiting the bacterial transpeptidase. Therefore these enzymes are often termed penicillin-binding proteins or PBPs.They can do this due to a stereochemical similarity of the beta-lactam moiety with the D-alanine-D-alanine substrate. However, this results in weakly cross-linked peptidoglycan, which makes the viable bacteria highly susceptible to cell lysis and death.

The main objective of this experiment is to investigate the effect of different types of antibiotics on bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Some of the main methods used in this experiment