Penicillium Growth Lab Report

So green apple is green, grapes are purple, cherries are red, oranges are orange, and lemons are yellow. Then I stirred it until it looked good. Then I poured each mixture into their own small pans, make sure they are not glass pans because they will break. Then put the pans into a freezer and wait 4-5 hours or until mixtures are frozen. Then break them into smaller pieces about a nickel's size and put the pieces into the microwave and wait 40 seconds and it should be melted. Now they let the pieces cool and then roll them into balls, and then dipped it into tartaric acid. Let the balls harden.

Bacteria tend to multiply very rapidly under favorable conditions, forming colonies of millions or even billions of organisms within a space as small as a drop of water. Bacteria also spreads and can survive in extreme conditions via a process called sporulation. Sporulation involves repackaging genetic contents into small reproductive bodies called spores, which contain little water, have a low metabolism, do not divide and feature an impermeable, multilayered envelope. They can grow into new bacteria once their environment replenishes its nutrients.

After precisely conducting the experiment and tabulating the results, data for Paraquat toxicity upon P. vulgaris plants can be interpreted over several different parameters. The parameters by which Paraquat toxicity was examined within this experiment involve visual observations, x-ray diffraction, chlorophyll concentrations, protein concentrations, and lastly malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations on a per mg of protein basis. As stated before Paraquat is very widely used herbicide known to produce superoxide anions leading to chloroplast membrane damage and ultimately a variety of adverse effects upon the host organism, in this case P. vulgaris (Chia et al., 1982).

Citrobacter Freundii is a species of bacteria that can be potentially harmful to humans. It is known to cause meningitis by protruding into the brain and replicating itself (1). The Citrobacter species has also been found as a cause of some urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and even gastrointestinal diseases and symptoms (3). C. Freundii can be located in a wide variety of soils and water (3). Lastly, it is also the cause of many nosocomial infections due to its presence in water (1).

In this reading there was many very interesting facts about penicillin. Penicillin was a breakthrough in the medical field in the 20th century. The scientist Alexander Fleming had accidentally spilled a vile of bacteria on to a plate of bacteria to his benefit he found that is had stopped the growth of bacteria. This accidental discover has benefited everyone in the world because we have to get these shots if we are infected, plus it saved many life’s in world war II. However, Penicillin is considered an antibiotic chemical that is created by living organism to stop the growth of bacteria and prevent an illness if people were to come into contact with this problem. Since the discovery and massive stock piling of this cure it has become less

In this lab, the organism that we have been working with is the bacterium, Serratia marcescens. S. marcescens is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, and tends to grow in damp environments. S. marcescens is an ideal bacterium to work with in the lab because it reproduces quicker than other bacterium. This bacterium produces a special pigment called prodigiosin, which is red in color. The prodigiosin pigment is intensified when S. marcescens is grown at higher densities. During our experiment, temperature, pH, salinity concentration and oxygen requirements were tested on S. marcescens to measure their optimal growth and prodigiosin production.

Bacteriophages were first discovered about 100 years ago by Frederick Twort and Felix D'Herelle. Bacteriophages or commonly known as “phages” are viruses that infect bacterial hosts. Bacteriophages come in multiple shapes and sizes. But a good amount of them are tailed viruses that contain double stranded DNA. The head of the bacteriophages has a protein shell which is attached to the tail. Some phages differ as some don’t have double stranded DNA they may be single stranded. Phages are incapable of reproducing on their own. In fact, they need a bacterial host to reproduce. Like any virus, bacteriophages are very fixed to discrete hosts. The host bacteria that we are using is called arthrobacter. Arthrobacter is a genus of bacteria found in soil (Pope et al 2016). Arthrobacter can help reduce hexavalent chromium which can cause some symptoms such as irritations to humans. Hexavalent chromium may also cause lung cancer if inhaled. The SEA PHAGE project was broken down into two parts. The first part which we are currently doing is isolating, purifying and amplifying the bacteria from our soil samples that we collected in the beginning of the year.

Cut the avocados in half and remove the stones. In the hole put 6 drips of Worces-

The purpose of this experiment is to show how different concentrations of Ampicillin affect Escherichia Coli Growth and how the bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic drug. Through a series of steps, which involves streaking agar plates with E.coli sample and application of ampicillin to the E.coli sample on the agar plate, the experiment yields a result that supports the hypothesis. The hypothesis acclaims that ampicillin would affect the growth of E.coli; measuring the zone of inhibition approves the claim in the experiment. The measurements of the zone of inhibition indicate that the generation of E.coli expands as the radius reduces. The reduction of the radius shows the E.coli population is reducing and becoming resistant. In other

Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus is identified as a gram-positive bacterium. S. agalactiae is a commensal bacterium found in the human digestive and genitourinary tract (Rosinski-Chupin, et al., 2015). S. agalactiae causes various diseases such as septicemia, meningitis, and pneumonia. Also, S. agalactiae infections occur predominately in pregnant women, neonates and elderly persons (Louvois, 1980). Due to the formation of its polysaccharide capsule, S. agalactiae can be treated with antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin and vancomycin (Bolukaoto, et al., 2015).

The initial percentage match was 9% similarity. However, majority of these matches were due to the reference list. Once a filter was applied to exclude the reference list, the percentage match decreased to 2%. The 2% similarity was in reference to general statements such as “minimising random errors increases reliability” and “membrane permeability increases with temperature”. This indicates that the assignment is the student’s original work and that the student did not plagiarise from other sources. Therefore, due to the low percentage, the student was not required to change the structure of the sentences.

2. Place a clean plastic cup in each box, to keep the cultures standing upright. Glue the cups into the boxes so they do not fall over. Label the boxes:

In this experiment you will need a type of fruit that one prefers as good. After you boil the water till it boils. Then you will either juice it or use the zest off the fruit. Next you will get a tea bag and fill it with the zest, or if you juiced it put it in the water while the water is cooled. The final step is you add sugar or honey anything that is sweet but is healthy.

Staphylococcus aureus- Is a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive, salt positive, cocci shaped bacterium. Staphylococcus aureus is found as normal part of the skin floral in the nasal passages and on the skin. An estimated twenty percent of people naturally have harmless Staphylococcus aureus on their skin and are long-term carries for Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common strand of Staphylococcus in humans to date, spread through skin to skin contact or even skin to object contact that an a person infected with Staphylococcus aureus has touched. Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase positive, which induces clumping of the cells and of the blood. Staphylococcus

Using this naturally produced substance, Peptide 1018, can we prevent the formation of dental plaque biofilms or help remove existing biofilms of dental plaque?