Penny Lab Report

Pennies before 1983 were made with pure copper, while pennies minted after 1983 have a zinc core and a copper shell. The difference between the two types of pennies is the reason why we have to use a penny minted after 1983 for this experiment. Also, a Spec 20 spectroscopic measures the intensity of a light beam after the light beam goes through a sample. The spectrophotometer will compare many samples with one another, and report the percent transmittance and absorbance.

In my experiment, I compared if the side of a penny affected how many drops of water it can hold. I took 2 pennies, one on the head and one on the tails. I took a dropper and filled it with water. I then dropped the water onto the penny and counted how many drops of water it could hold until the water went on the paper towel. My hypothesis was that the tail side of the penny could hold more water, and it did. According to my data, the tail side average was about 1 whole drop away from the head average. This means that the tail side could hold more water. The exact average of the head side on the penny was 23 drops. The average of the tail side of the penny is 24.72727273 drops. That was super close. Although I made sure my hand was the same

An ionic bond is a bond that results from the attraction between oppositely charges ions; one atom "gives" another atom an electron. Combinations of metals and nonmetals typically form ionic bonds. A covalent bond is a bond that results from

Typically an ionic bond occurs between one metal and one non-metal ion. One atom borrows one or more electrons from another atom. An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that occurs when one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion, which then result in attraction.

1. For this experiment, what were the independent variable and the dependent variable? What were the constants?

The purpose of this lab was to make a substitutional alloy coating the penny in a gold color. The color of the penny depends on the Zinc and Sodium Hydroxide solution, and if heat was added or not. We took a copper penny and boiled it in a Zinc and Sodium Hydroxide solution. Then we took the penny out, rinsed it in water, and dried it off. Now the penny was silver. We then took the penny and waved it across a flame causing it to turn gold. Some errors that happened were getting Zinc in our water and over cooking the penny. These could be fixed by rinsing the Zinc off the penny in its solution before taking it out and not heating the penny for as long. A suggestion for improvement would be getting the flame at the lowest temperature possible.

3. Find the number of atoms of each of the substances involved in the reaction.

The independent variable for the experiment was the paper towels. The dependent variable was the absorbency and strength. The constants for the experiment were the size of the paper towels that were used, the amount of water, the size of the beaker, the size of the cylinder and the amount of the weight.

The U.S. penny has been a standard in our currency system for almost as long as our country has existed as a sovereign nation, but due to inflation, production costs, and the changing times we live in, it is no longer a sustainable unit of currency and only serves to increase our national deficit and waste our time. When the penny was produced for the first time in 1792 by the U.S. Mint, it was made of pure copper, featured a woman with flowing hair, and was inscribed with the words “Liberty”. Since then, the design and composition have changed numerous times to reflect our changing nation. Despite its fading glory, the penny has been kept alive by numerous false lobbying fronts and a stubborn ideology, but

In our Penny Lab, we wanted to extend what we were told to do with experimental design. We’re doing this because we wanted to prove what he thought our hypothesis had been, and a hypothesis can not be true unless it can be tested. We investigated what variables made the Penny Lab easier, or harder. As a class we decided to investigate variables like, dropping the penny from the same height, and applying the same pressure to the penny for each drop. But first we had to know what variables were, and which variables we needed to use in the experiment. The variables were, the independent variable, dependent variable, the experimental group, and the control group. We investigated this to show how much water a penny could hold, but we introduced

2. Describe the three different types of bonds, providing examples of molecules formed through each type of bond. (3 points) Covalent bond, methane. Ionic bond, table salt. Hydrogen bond, water.

For q, you found how much heat was gained by the water so you know that same amount of heat was lost by the metal. Therefore, qmetal = -qwater. The mass of the sample was recorded from the baggie. The temperature change

In this lab we will be heating up substances and use them to galvanize pennies. When you heat up the zinc, and then coat the penny in it, it then galvanizes the penny. Meaning, it helps protect the penny from oxygen and water. Afterwards, you will need to record data such as the mass of the penny. This helps keep track of what physical traits are being changed during this experiment. On part B of this experiment, you will be heating up the now galvanized pennies in order to see what reaction you get. The reaction you should receive from heating up the now zinc-covered pennies is that the pennies will change color.

In this lab, we will determine the percent composition of a modern (post-1982) penny by using a strong acid to react and dissolve the zinc core, leaving only the copper coating. Once only copper remains, we will compare its mass to the entire mass of the penny to determine how much of a penny is copper and how much is zinc.

Based on the experiment of ‘The Value of a Penny: Mass Lab”’, it is seen from the data table and believed that 1982 was the year that the penny started to devalue. The prediction of the year 1968, had a percent error of 0.71%(when rounded to the nearest hundredth). It is seen from the data that starting from 1960 to 1981, the mass of the penny was around 3.1 and 3.2 grams which shows it remained similarly constant. Then, after the decrease of 0.6 grams from 1981 to 1982, the range from 1982 to 1997 stayed at around 2.5 and 2.6 grams. This supports the claim because it shows how much the mass of the penny has altered over the course of almost around 40 years. After doing research, https://www.usmint.gov stated that before 1982 a penny was composed