Pentane Lab Report

The balls that contained 4% polyvinyl alcohol didn’t stay in a ball like structure for more than ten to fifteen minutes. The balls that contained 4% sodium borate and polyvinyl acetate were able to bounce and retain their shape and stayed in a circular ball shape much longer than the balls that had the 4% polyvinyl alcohol. The balls were able to keep their shape because the polyvinyl acetate cross links with the sodium borate when they are reacted together. The 4% polyvinyl alcohol doesn’t cross link with the borate so the bouncy balls weren’t able to retain their shape. The bouncy balls that consisted of a two to one ratio of polyvinyl acetate and 4% sodium borate produced the best bouncy balls in this experiment. Those bouncy balls bounced the highest after there were placed in the cold and hot temperature environments. They were able to be stretched further than the other balls and retained their shape after being dropped repeatedly. A two to one ratio of polyvinyl acetate and 4% sodium borate was the ideal ratio, in this experiment, to produce a bouncy

The aim of this experiment was to determine which fuel, out of Pentane, Propane-1-ol and Propane-2-ol would be the most appropriate to take on a camping trip to a national park where wood cannot be used to burn. Factors that need to be considered are:

Since the cetane rating of the fuel is a measure of the ignition characteristics of the fuel, it can be concluded that the heavier members of the paraffin family have higher cetane ratings. In fact, cetane, C16H34 (hexadecane) is the primary reference fuel in the cetane scale with an arbitrary cetane rating of 100 while other normal paraffins have cetane ratings that

Alcohols are being considered as modern day fuels because they are cheap to manufacture and some can be made in labs. There are four main alcohols that are especially being taken into consideration as alternative fuel sources. These four include: Ethanol, Methanol, Propanol and Butanol. The reason that these four have been considered is because A) They can me chemically/Biologically synthesized in a Lab, B) There are properties within these fuels that can be used within modern day engines, and C) These four fuels also have a high octane rating. The octane rating of a fuel refers to how much compression a fuel can go through before it ignites by its self. The reason this makes such a big difference within engines, is because when fuels self-ignite because they have been compressed too much, it can cause “knocking” which can damage the engine and also because it means that the fuel is more efficient and therefore you can get more kilometres per litre/KJ per Mol.

In their studies, patients at age six to sixteen years old are generally will involved in flame-related burn injuries due to their experiment with lighters, lighters fluid, firecrackers and gasoline. Older adults are also has high risk for burn injury. To compare with the gender, men were appeared to be more likely to suffer from electric burn while, women were more likely to experience flame burn than men this is because women entirely stay at home doing house chores including cooking while men mostly experienced burn at work place (Golshan et al., 2013). The past investigation done by (Tarim et al., 2005) as cited by (Iqbal et al., 2013) found that the most popular site for burn injuries to occur is the home environment where housewives and children are the risk group to experience burn and 80% of burn that happened within the home are frequently reported occurred in the kitchen (Golshan et al.,

This stove burns so hot it actually burns off a good portion of the wood gases, thus leaving a cleaner environment and less of a smoke signature if you need to worry about your smoke being spotted. Burns hot and clean, a perfect combination.

Therefore, there is strong pressure from the government and those consider about the environment to use non halogen flame retardants because of the health and environment concerns6. For example, many organohalogen compounds, especially flame retardant epoxy resins containing bromine or chlorine, can produce a super toxic halogenated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans that leads to damage to human health6,9. In fact, the combustion of halogen compounds produces toxic smoke, which is potentially harmful to humans and animals. Therefore, most fire deaths and injuries result from inhaling carbon monoxide. The incorporation of organohalogens makes the yield of toxic smoke of products increase during combustion10. Therefore, a significant flame retardants should be invent to make the most an efficient way of obtaining the environmentally friendly flame- retardant system.

In a campfire, the fuel is wood, a complex natural material made up of many types of molecules,

In recent years increasing interest to methanol as an effective means to produce a ecologically clean fuel, available and cheap raw materials for the synthesis of various hydrocarbons and products of their processing. The most accessible and cheap raw material for the obtaining of CH3OH are natural and associated gases, from which by Fischer-Tropta's method it is possible to obtain hydrocarbons of different composition and structure. The formation of gasoline from methanol, developed in the present time flows through the stage of formation of DME, which turns further into the mixture of hydrocarbons consisting more than 50% of the valuable branched paraffins. Such "methanol" fuel in their composition does not contain sulfur and nitrogen compounds and a minor amount of aromatic compounds. Now, methanol increasingly became used as fuel and also as additives to motor fuels (from 3 to 65%). Methanol increases the octane level of fuels and reduces harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Based on the methanol it is possible to obtain alternative pollution-free fuels such as dimethyl ether (DME) and dimethoxymethane (DMM).

Injuries can still result from clothing that is flame resistant. The material is made to extinguish itself, but the material still becomes hot and melts which can burn the skin. The chemicals used in making material flame resistant can be harmful to humans. Some of the chemicals can cause impaired fetal brain development, reproductive problems, and cancer. Polybrominated Diphenyl a chemical used in flame resistant material was found to release gases during fires that would suffocate victims. Industries switched to an alternative chemical Chlorinated Tris, but some people still feel the risk of wearing flame resistant material is more detrimental than the risk of fire, and take measures to try and wash out the

Phentermine 37.5 mg belongs to a class of medications otherwise known as amphetamines. It is efficient in lowering your hunger, using fat, managing glucose levels and cravings for food. Many illicit drugs belong to the same classification of medications, but Phentermine 37.5 mg significantly varies from these drugs. Phentermine 37.5 mg is believed to be physically non addictive. Phentermine 37.5 mg works as a hunger or appetite suppressant. Its main purpose is to stimulate the release of brain chemicals that effectively lessen sensations of hunger, making you feel like you do not need to eat at all or that lessens your hunger pangs. However, desperation to lose weight quickly may lead to develop psychological dependence and carries a significant

The chemical that will be analyzed in this section is potassium nitrate. There are different types of information related to the chemical the student needs to gather to ensure proper air sampling is carried out. It is necessary to determine the fire properties of this chemical and the level of damage it might cause when left in the open. Significantly, the assessment must find out about other processes that affect the usage of potassium nitrate in different environments within the organization (McDermott, 2004). This knowledge will enable the worker to recognize how various control measures can be used to deal with various hazards associated with the chemical that might cause harm to different people. Therefore, evaluating the real magnitude of different dangers involved will enable all those involved to come up with appropriate methods that limit workers’ exposure to the hazards.

For the mineral oxide flame retardants, it is shown that mineral oxide or any inorganic fillers will reduce the flammable content of the product, and modifies its thermal conductivity and its thermophysical properties to slow down the combustion of the product. The example of product using mineral oxide flame retardants is low-smoke cable compound.

Uses of haloalkanes – CFC’s as fire extinguishers and the impact on the environment. Haloalkanes are used as monomers.

This chemical is known as butyl-ethyl ether. It is a type of ether that is a "colorless liquid" and falls within the R-O-R functional group (Chemical Book, 2012). The compound is extremely flammable, and as such, fire and other safety professionals must take great care when handling chemical fires burning with the substance. The research shows that the compound "will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flame," but also that "vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back" (Chemical Book, 2012). This makes the vapor from this organic compound incredibly dangerous in terms of fire risk in doors, but can also cause problems outdoors as well. Fire and safety officials must be careful in enclosed areas. Often, this flash will spread throughout lower lying areas, such as basements and sewers. Moreover, it is "incompatible with oxidizing agents," making it unsafe to try to extinguish chemical fires of this nature with water (Chemical Book, 2012).