Perceptual Set

In experiment 1, participants were instructed to press a key to determine if the stimulus was red, blue, yellow, or green. On the second half of the experiment, the stimulus appeared in grey with only one colored letter which was positioned randomly. Error rates for the experiment were below 2.5% for each condition, which is quite low. Experiment 2 was the same as experiment 1 except that there were 114 data collections instead of 288 and there were 36 practice trials instead of 72. According to experiment 1 and 2 it is suggested that the effect of

This double dissociation therefore suggests that recognition of faces and common objects is served by different mechanisms that are independent for each other. Although brain cells of face recognition have not been located, some functional models could help us interpret face recognition and prosopagnosia. One of the most influential models was proposed by Bruce and Young (1986). In this model face recognition involves several steps, and three steps more relate to prosopagnosia.

A Rorschach stimuli can be generated by dropping ink on a piece of paper and folding it in the middle, but still the cards were not random but selected out of thousands that H. Rorschach created. The test consists five black and white symmetrical inkblots with different shades of gray, two black/gray with red stains, and three multicolored. Each inkblot is printed on a separate white card, approximately 18x24 cm in size (Kaplan, & Saccuzzo, 2008).

The studies conducted by Northwestern say that brain activity increases in the first 200 milliseconds when we first interact with a person from our same race or from a different race. The studies say that there is a time right after a person meets another of the same race or a different race that determines whether the face is remembered or even forgotten. The point where the brain begins to remember or forget the memory is almost immediately after a person first sees the face. People also remember people by their attributes for example, you might see that a face reminds you of someone you know. You may see that the persons expression appears kind or afraid, or it looks like the face of a famous athlete or a singer. Being able to identify people's attributes increases the likelihood that a face will be

Powell (1986) conducted a study in which individuals viewed a photo or slide. Individuals were required to scan images and decide on an image for the entire display (Powell, 1986). Objects were pointed to, and subjects were asked to identify its location (Powell, 1986). The subject was asked to close his or her eyes and were shown another image. The subjects were to decide if the object was in the correct position (Powell, 1986). The subjects would hear one of the objects and was required to focus on the object while keeping the entire image in his or her mind (Powell, 1986). When the next object was identified, the subjects were to move from the first object to the second watching a black dot moving in a straight line (Powell, 1986).

Patients tend to correctly identify shape, color, and motion of inputs. In a forced choice experiment, where the subject is asked to identify certain features of a visual cue, the subject will perform much better than chance even though they feel as if they are randomly guessing (2).

For this experiment, the dependent variable was the number of times the chimpanzee correctly chose the larger grape (the object), and the independent variable were the lenses. This experiment had a precise arrangement: first, the preference test was carried out with two 12-trial sessions, then the basic test with eight 12-trial sessions, afterward, the seen and unseen tracking test with eight 12 trial sessions, and followed by the avoid-lens test with four 12-trial sessions. For each test, each chimpanzee had to stick its finger through a mesh to indicate that it was choosing that

Fifteen subjects showed activity in the right OFA (7 bird experts and 8 car experts). In regards to the identity and location scans, performance was better in identity than location with a larger effect size for birds that cars. With regards to ROI’s the right and left FFA’s showed significant levels of categorization. Significance was also found between the level and the group in both Fusiform Face Area’s (left and right). No significance was found between cars and birds when activating the FFA’s. Responses to birds were greater than cars in both hemispheres of FFA. Car experts showed less activation for object categories than bird experts. Bird Experts were more sensitive to faces than car experts as well as experts being more sensitive to the object of their expertise. The right ventral temporal cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus were activated more in experts than in those that are considered non-experts. Novices were more active too experts only in a part of the brain superior to the OFA, a small bilateral region of the lateral occipital

Overly, the model provides coherent explanation of many kind of information about faces and how they relate to each other. It provides evidence about significant differences in processing of familiar and unfamiliar faces. Nonetheless there are limitations. For instance, there is not enough information about processing unfamiliar faces. Burton et al. (1999)

Prosopagnosia is defined as the difficulty in recognizing an individuals face; it is broken down into 3 main types; Apperceptive prosopagnosia, associative prosopagnosia and developmental prosopagnosia. Perception is an important aspect when recognizing faces, without recognizing the stimulus (face) you would not be able to identify a person. Therefore the individuals who sufferer from this disorder is unable to accurately recognize a face whether that be the face of a familiar person such as a family member or close friend, the face of a famous person, or even their own face. This paper will look at prosopagnosia in greater detail, it will explain the 3 main types, as well as give insight as to why face recognition is important in our

Findings from animal and human studies further suggest that the amygdala processes stimuli that are ambiguous and for which additional

An intriguing experiment was conducted in 2015 by Merola, Lazzaroni, Marshall-Pescini, and Prato-Previde. They coordinated this examination to understand the relationship between a cat and its owner. They wanted to see if the owners' input about an object influenced the cat’s action and behavior towards the object (Merola, Lazzaroni, Marshall-Pescini & Prato-Previde, 2015). The test included thirty-six cats and all the owners were female except for one male owner. Out of these cats, there were different numbers of cat that were neutered and tom cats. As well as, different sexes. Each cat was tested individually in a testing room. The cat was allowed one minute to explore the room at the beginning with the owner in a set position and relaxed.

In this essay descriptions as well as identifications of research evidence for both Bruce and Young’s 1986 cognitive model of face recognition and Burton, Bruce and Johnston’s 1990 cognitive model of face recognition; which are then applied to two separate case studies and an explanation of which better suits each shall be given. For the purposes of this essay, Bruce and Young’s 1986 model shall be theory 1, and Burton, Bruce and Johnston’s 1990 model, shall be theory 2.

In Chapter Four of the text, the described process of recognizing any given object begins with the cells in the visual system (previously discussed) which fire when coming across any input carrying specific visual features or patterns: horizontal lines, curves, corners, etc. (Cognition, pg. 107). These cells lend a hand to the broader idea that objects are processed in terms of their smaller parts. Intuitively, it has been found that the more features one attempts to analyze, the less efficient he/she is at doing so (Cognition, pg. 107). Additionally, context influences how one processes basic combinations of visual features. This has been demonstrated in studies which have required a subject to view stimuli, often words necessarily

This article goes into depth about encoding and retriaval experiments testing recognition without awareness, and implicit and explicit memory through images. The scientists conducting the experiment were looking for a correlation between images and recognition without awareness. The scientists leading the experiment divided 45 undergradute students into two groups; they had 24 students in the full attention encoding group and 21 students in the divided attention encoding group. They then tested these students' recognition without awareness with