Modest Proposal: Structural Strength Of Cement And Sand

Introduction : To determine the strength, maximum load can be applied and workability of concrete mixture.

Department öf AITEM, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Nöida, in partial fulfillment öf requirement för the award öf the degree öf

From the ancient time marble is one of the most important materials used especially for decorative purposes. However its powder has bad effects on the environment, soil, water and health problems. Marble powder is produced from processing plants sawing and polishing of marble blocks. Some factories have water recycling plants containing flocculation tank and filter press unit. About 25% of the processed marble is turn into dust or powder form. About 7,000,000 tons of marble have been produced in the world. Disposal of the marble powder material of the marble industry is one of the environmental problems worldwide today. The refining of some fresh and hardened properties of concrete is successfully and economically achieved by utilizing and

Concrete is a important product that is used in the construction of building and infrastructures. A concrete has to have strength, durability and quality to make a strong and stable infrastructure. This study will tell us does ACC concrete mix is a very good product in the market. Does it pose a strong contender to its competitors in the current market and does the brand image of ACC ltd. plays any role in purchasing of its products.

In order to produce High Performance Concrete, cement which containing as little C3A as possible should be used during manufacture process. This is because the lower amount of C3A, the easier to control the rheology properties on cement. Other than that, the cement-super plasticizer compatibility problems can also be reduced. Finally from strength point of view, this cement should be finally ground and contain an appropriate amount of C3S.

Concrete is an artificial stone-like material used for various structural purposes. It is made by mixing a binding material (as cement) and various aggregates (inert materials), such as sand, stone chips, brick chips, brick chips, pebbles, gravel, shale, etc with water and allowing the mixture to harden by hydration. There are many types of concrete available, created by varying the proportions of the main ingredients below. In this way or by substitution for the cementations and aggregate phases, the finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or chemical and thermal resistance properties, Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage. It is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and plaster. Importance of Concrete some important of concrete are given below. Concrete is economical when ingredients are readily available. Concrete is a non-combustible material which makes it fire-safe and able to withstand high temperatures. It is resistant to wind, water, rodents, and insects. Hence, concrete is often used for storm shelters. Concrete could be requested in a variety of ways. It could be requested with a considerable measure of "fly ash" in the mix. Fly ash is a substitute for cement.

The construction industry is one the main industries in the words which is growing rapidly. The industry generates employment opportunities and economic growth through creating foreign and local investment opportunities (M. Agung, 2009). In spite of these contributions in nations economic, it has some drawbacks such as environmental pollutions and degradation (Johnson & David, 2008). Construction waste is one of the single largest waste stream which is estimated approximately 50 per cent of all materials used worldwide. Therefore, it is essential to reduce the construction wastes. Construction is a vital connection to the infrastructure and growth of industry all around the world. Building

The production of Portland cement is high-energy consumption and produce large amount emission of CO2. Previous research indicates that 0.98kg of CO2 will be created by production of 1kg of Portland cement, including 0.53g from decarbonisation, 0.33g from burning process plus 0.12g from generation of electricity power required. Therefore, for every ton of cement produced, an approximately equal amount of carbon dioxide is relapsed in to atmosphere [2阿三]. The world cement industry contributes 7% of total CO2 emission [3]. This leads to the research of seeking more environmental friendly cements. One of these alternative materials is alkali-activated slag (AAS) cement. Comparing with Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the AAS has is own advantages. Firstly, it uses ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) as the binder material of concrete, which is a by-product from industry production. Secondly, AAS cement has low energy cost and low GHGs emissions. Finally, AAS concrete has excellent engineering

The target economic sectors of the proposed research are the sugar industry and the construction industry. The sugar industry will be directly affected, since the main goal of this research project is to develop a sugarcane bagasse ash-based product that can be used as an additive for concrete mixes. Due to the known properties and chemical composition of sugarcane bagasse, it is expected that this new product will be competitive with fly ash in terms of improving the properties of concrete mixes. The newly added economic value of bagasse ash may also make it economically advantageous to burning the entire stock of bagasse fiber for electricity production beyond the needs of the sugar mills. The local construction industry will be indirectly affected by the availability of an additive for concrete production with a lower cost and similar properties to fly ash. This new bagasse ash-based product is expected to reduce the construction costs of projects requiring large amounts of concrete (e.g., foundations, concrete bridges), thus, leading to a potential increase in the number of construction projects per year. The results of this research will have a significant impact on the economic development of US regions where the sugar industry is present, such as Florida, Texas, and Hawaii

Concrete is the oldest and most common material used in the construction industry. It consists of

Natural sand is a material which is being used over decades as construction material and has proven that it is a magnificent material and is becoming scarce now. Now attempts are being made to replace natural sand by alternative materials. The construction industry needs are increasing every day and construction material’s demand is

Cement production is the result of chemically combination of different materials. These materials include “calcium”, “silicon”, “aluminum”, “iron” and other materials such as clay and limestone. Moreover, the production process involves crushing and screening of certain amount of “calcium compounds”, “silica”, “alumina” and “iron oxide”. After this process the whole mixture is placed in “rotating cement kiln”. Different kind of materials are used in this regard. These include “limestone”, “sandstone”, “marl”, “shale”, “iron”, “clay”, and “fly ash”.

** Asst .Prof ., Department of Civil Engineering, RKDF Institute of Science & Technology , Bhopal

The function of cement is for isolating production zone and to provide support for the casing [11].Portland cement is made up of calcium oxide (CaO), silicon dioxide (SiO) and water (H2O) which the composition of calcium carbonate is around 75-80 wt% and 20-25 wt% of clay [7],[14].. Compressive strength of Portland cement is developed through hydration. Hydration is chemical reaction between water and cement compound. The rheology and early strength of cement is developed from reaction of aluminate compound at the beginning of hydration. Rate of hydration can be control by adding gypsum. It is for preventing the premature hardening of cement. Gypsum will react with aluminate and hydroxyl ion to form ettrigate. Ettrigate will prevent hydration process by forming needle shaped crystal on the aluminate and creating induction period [11].

Various researches have been done to explore the benefits of using crusher stone dust in concrete unit to enhancing the properties of concrete like compressive strength, flexural strength, etc replacing cement / fine aggregate by weight or by volume. In the previous investigation, researchers used fiber like polypropylene, nylon polyester, coconut coir, glass fiber, steel fiber etc. for the enhancement of mechanical properties and partial or full replacement of ingredient of concrete by fly ash, stone dust, and unconventional coarse aggregate in paver block. A brief description of previous research work on utilisation of alternative of fine aggregate and fiber used in concrete paver block is given below.