Periodic Acid-Schiff

In this experiment, the external and internal structures of a sheep’s heart was examined and identified by dissection. To determine the functionality of a human heart since they are both mammals.

How does the structure of cardiac myocytes and intercalated disks follow the function of cardiac muscle tissue

R E V I E W S H E E T 30 Anatomy of the Heart

Troponin is present in heart muscle cells. If damage is done to these cells, it releases troponin into the bloodstream. The blood level of troponin, during a heart attack, increases within 3-12 hours from the onset of chest pain. It peaks between 24-48 hours and returns to a normal level over 5-14 days (Koutoukidis, Stainton & Hughson 2013, p. 506). The indicators include acute myocardial infarction, severe pulmonary embolism causing acute right heart overload, heart failure, and myocarditis. The normal value of Troponin I is <20

An additional study investigated the usefulness of histopathological findings in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Histopathology is the study of tissues viewed under a microscope to determine manifestations of disease. In countries outside of the United States, histopathological findings are the gold standard in confirming infective endocarditis in humans. Researchers intended to challenge this idea and see if histopathological findings really are the best form of diagnosing infective endocarditis, and if those findings can stand by

2002), then, to the late stage which is presented with systolic dysfunction or heart failure (Boudina et al. 2007;Boudina et al. 2010). The first stage of DCM is clinically asymptomatic, but the second stage of DCM is characterized by diastolic dysfunction (including: ventricular hypertrophy and stiffness, high end-diastolic pressure and volume) (Connelly et al. 2008;van et al. 2008) and cardiac inter-cellular matrix remodeling (including: an accumulation of insoluble type VI collagen and a deposition of fibrous tissue) (Khaidar et al. 1994;Spiro et al. 1993). Several mechanisms contribute to ventricular stiffness in diabetic heart mainly due to sustained hyperglycemia that promotes formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) (Bodiga et al. 2014), all of which are cross-linking with extracellular matrix proteins including collagen and elastin, leading to a change in the histological properties and eventually impairing cardiac relaxation (Candido et al. 2003;Liu et al. 2003;Vasan et al. 2003). The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction is several times higher in patients with T2DM than in age and sex-matched healthy populations (From et al. 2010;von and St John et al. 2010). From a clinical standpoint, DCM is defined as the presence of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in diabetic subjects in the absence of

Cleveland Clinic has been ranked as the number 1 hospital in cardiovascular care for 23 years. This designation draws patients from all over the world to seek advice and intervention from medical professionals with extensive experience and knowledge to handle even the rarest of cases. In 2017, Cleveland Clinic Pathology received over _____ cardiovascular surgical specimen, ranging from routine plaques to extensive cardiac transplantations. The Cleveland Clinic cardiovascular service focuses not only on the microscopic evaluation, but routinely reviews every cardiovascular specimen from a routine valve to complex cases. The cardiovascular pathologists rely heavily on the gross evaluations provided by the Pathologists’ Assistants for their final

This, however, is difficult in the patient population affected, as an endomyocardial biopsy is an invasive procedure that patients are not keen to undergo. Cardiac MRI is a useful investigation when cardiac amyloid is suspected but it is unable to differentiate between different amyloid types [13]. Tc-DPD scintigraphy is a recent addition to the workup of the condition and has been shown to be a specific imaging tool for transthyretin cardiac amyloid [12].

The structural support of heart is attributed to the extracellular matrix network of the heart. Pumping action of heart is due to the force generated by cardiomyocyte. The extracellular matrix network mainly consist of type I collagen with smaller amounts of type III collagen. This collagen network facilitates the transmission of a systolic force [9]. Tensile strength is provided by thick fibers mainly of type I collagen (85 % of total myocardial collagen). Type III collagen (11 % of the total collagen protein in the heart), forms thin fibers and is responsible for elasticity of the matrix network. Cardiac matrix network, morphologicaly can be subdivided into three constituents: the epimysium, perimysium and endomysium [10] (Figure 1). The entire cardiac muscle is enveloped by epimysium and is located on the endocardial and epicardial surface providing support for endothelial and mesothelial cells.

Regular electrical impulses are sent within the conduction system of the heart prompting contraction (Marieb, 2015). These electrical signals can be identified and documented by the use of an electrocardiography (ECG) machine. In a familiar ECG recording, three waves will occur; The P wave, QRS complex and

Echocardiography is the initial diagnostic modality for a patient with suspected congenital heart disease. In some patients, however, use of this modality is encumbered by its limited ability to delineate great arteries and intra cardiac anomalies, pulmonary veins, and coronary arteries. (7)

As fractional shortening is mainly assessing circumferential fiber shortening, a separate assessment of longitudinal fiber shortening could provide additional information on LV function. The longitudinal fibers are mainly located in the subendocardium and the epicardium. In a normal heart circumferentially oriented fibers predominate over longitudinal fibers, and short-axis shortening exiceeds long-axis shortening. This means that the sphericity of the ventricle normally decreases during contraction as the short-axis diameter decreases more than the long-axis diameter. As longitudinal function might be affected differently from radial/circumferential function due to the different fiber orieintation in the different layers of the myocardium,

In order to evaluate the myocardial tissue alterations in the xenograft model, rats were killed at (24) post Qingyi Decoction treating and left ventricular myocardial tissues were collected from each group and fixed in 10% formalin, processed and embedded in paraffin wax. Thin sections of 3-5 microns thickness were cut and placed on microscopic slides. The tissues were deparaffinized in xylene solution, rehydrated in downstream serial dilutions of ethanol and stained with hematoxylin for 10 minutes, bluing for 10 minutes in running tap water, decolorized for 3 seconds by 1% acid alcohol, and the tissues were stained with eosin for 1 minute, washed with water and let to air dry. Fix the cover slips on the tissues. The slides were examined under a light microscope at a magnification of 40x, to detect the histological changes in the left ventricular myocardial tissues of each experimental groups

It is well established that cardiomyopathy can be recapitulated by experimental immunization with cardiac myosin plus an adjuvant or with the administration of antibodies against troponin I and the β1-adrenergic receptor (33, 28, 34, 35). Similarly, we provide evidence that autoimmunity against specific M2AChR epitopes (M2AChR-el2 and M2AChR-il3) may play a causal role in DCM. Therefore, BALB/c mice were DNA-immunized using a gene gun with plasmids encoding partial epitopes to induce potentially harmful anti-M2AChR-el2 and anti-M2AChR-il3 antibodies and establish cardiomyopathy. All mice progressively developed left ventricle dilation and dysfunction detected by echocardiography analyses (approximately 10-20 weeks post-immunization). Next, we mimicked the presence of autoantibodies

While contraction in skeletal muscle is triggered by motor neurons under central control, certain cardiac muscle variants exhibit autorhythmicity. This means that that they are capable of producing their own depolarizing electrical potential. The cardiomyocytes that are capable of producing their own electrical potentials are found in what is referred to as the electrical condition system of the heart. This system is comprised of specializes cardiomyocytes that are autorhythmic and are able to conduct electrical potentials rapidly. These specialized structures include the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and bundle, and Purkinje fibers.