Periodic Paralysis Syndrome

Spastic cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that unfolds in the developing brain - either right before birth or shortly after, typically before the child turns one year of age. Head injuries that occur several weeks after birth may also cause spastic cerebral palsy. Spastic cerebral palsy makes up roughly eighty percent of all cerebral palsy cases, since there are other types; spastic is considered to be the most common. Spastic cerebral palsy causes neuromuscular mobility impairment meaning that there is a lack in connection between the nerves and muscles.

     Recent studies show that this syndrome may be associated with changing craniofacial and skeletal muscle metabolism, such as blood flow, which causes the chronic fatigue and severe weakness. Another hypothesis is that an infectious trauma to the body, such as a virus, triggers the illness. However, with this syndrome being new, no specific virus has been identified. There is though a plot study that shows that there is possible inherited tendency toward the disease. This disease/syndrome has increased

Myotonic mucular dytrophy- develops slowly and can be caused through genetics. It is the most typical form of muscular dystrophy found in adults beginning to become afflicted. Muscles within the face and neck are the first to contract it. Myotonic MD is associated with difficulty with muscle relaxation following contractions. Commonly known by its nickname "Steinert's Disease".

Cerebral Palsy can be described as a condition where life long problems affect movements and postural development due to lesions in an immature brain. These lesions are non-progressive, meaning that they will not get any worse. 3(p1-2) Physical and Neurological exams are required in order to diagnose this condition. A doctor will use a CT scan, MRI, or an ultrasound machine to verify brain damage. Many children diagnosed can also have sensory disabilities, cognitive disorders, convulsions, and communication and behavioral disorders. Spastic Diplegia gets its name because the children diagnosed have increased muscle tone that leads to spasticity. Spasticity can be defined as stiff or tight muscles and amplified reflexes. The exact cause of Spastic Diplegia still remains unknown. Besides damage to the part of the brain that controls movement, there are other possible reasons for a child to develop Spastic Diplegia. These reasons can vary from genetic abnormalities, congenital brain deformities, or if the mother has an infection or high fever while pregnant.

Generalized seizure is a type of seizure that starts in one area of the brain and spreads to other hemispheres. Drug that can be use is Carbamazepine. Tonic-clonic seizure is a type of seizure that exhibit repeated jerking motion and fainting. Drug that can be use is ethotoin (Peganone). Absence seizure is s type of seizure that consists of spontaneous loss of consciousness, and individual exhibit blinking or staring for a few seconds. Drug that can be use is valproic acid. Partial seizure is a type of seizure that consists of one area of the brain with no additional effects of other part of the brain. Drug that can be use is phenytoin (Dilantin). Status epilepticus is s type of seizure that reoccurs often and rapidly. Drug that can be use is diazepam (Karch, 2013, pg. 379).

She is oriented x3, alert, and cooperative. Good short-term, long-term, and intermediate memory. No aphasia. Normal fund of knowledge, attention, and concentration.

Myotonic Dystrophy is the most common form of muscular dystrophy. It is a chronic, multi-system disorder that is characterized by progressive muscle wasting and weakness. Symptoms include; myotonia (prolonged muscle contractions), the inability to relax certain muscles after use, slurred speech, temporary locking of jaw, cataracts, abnormalities of the electrical signals that control the heartbeat, and early balding and infertility in men. There are two major types of myotonic dystrophy, type 1 and type 2. Many of the symptoms are overlapping, the only differences are type 1 is generally more severe than type 2 and type 1 affects the lower legs, hands, neck and face. Whereas, type 2 affects the neck, shoulders, elbows, and hips. Myotonic dystrophy

As a whole, muscular dystrophy is a group of many different diseases causing muscle weakness and muscle loss in skeletal muscles that control movement of the body (Korschun, 2007). Each distinction of this genetic disease may affect different muscle groups and even have different symptoms. One thing these diseases have in common is that the person affected will lose more and more muscle as they age. Currently, there is no cure for muscular dystrophy but there is treatment that may help alleviate the pain and slowing the disease down (Muscular Dystrophy, n.d.).

A neuromuscular disease that causes damages to the muscles over time is called muscular dystrophy. This disease is genetically passed down from generation to generation. The cause of the muscle weakness is a lack of protein called dystrophin. This is how they named it muscular dystrophy. This protein causes a numerous of problems for people who have this disease. The disease is only in males, especially the younger male. There are a lot of types of muscular dystrophy. The most common ones are Duchenne, Becker, and Congenital to name a few. Causes, the different types, symptoms, the treatment will all be explained more in depth on the disease more into the paper, so you can get a better understanding of the medical

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by periodic seizures. Cognitive deficits and impairments in learning and memory are also associated with this disorder. Neuronal changes and synaptic modifications in kindling model of epilepsy are similar to those occurring during the learning procedure and memory formation. Herein we investigated whether seizure susceptibility is predictable based on the learning ability in the Morris water maze (MWM) task.

I went to bed as usual that night it was dark and windy outside I fell asleep

Myotonic Dystrophy, or Myotonia, is the delayed relaxation of a muscle after it has been contracted. For example a person may not be able to release their grip on a doorknob or handle. Myotonia, unlike Duchenne and Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy, affects the upper body. More specifically, the hands, face, neck, and forearms. Myotonia also affects feet as well. Myotonia doesn’t actually show up until approximately nineteen years of age, and luckily it does not shorten a person’s lifespan (“Myotonic Dystrophy”).

The genetic disease known as Muscular Dystrophy first appeared in history in the year 1830. It was included in a written report by the Scottish Neurologist Sir Charles Bell. The disease soon became more prominent, where it appeared in several medical journals from the 1850’s and onwards. Several young boys were described as having a weakness which progressively worsened, along with problems walking. The disease led to their eventual premature deaths. A French Neurologist known as Guillaume Duchenne studied 13 boys who all had the most common and severe form of Muscular Dystrophy, soon to be known as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (NIH 2016). Muscular dystrophy refers to a group of more than 30 genetic diseases including Distal MD, Emery-Dreifuss MD, Facioscapulohumeral MD, Limb-girdle MD, Becker MD, Congenital MD, Myotonic MD and Oculopharyngeal MD. This review however will just focus on Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder categorized as a form of parkinsonism. It was first described in 1964 by three Canadian neurologists, PSP is sometimes referred to as the Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome, or Nuchal Dystonia Dementia Syndrome. Progressive damage to multiple brain cells associated with deterioration of the myelin sheath that speeds up nerve impulse conduction, as well as destruction of the entire nerve, result in severe and irreversible problems controlling balance, eye movement, breathing, and voluntary muscle movement. The actor Dudley Moore has been diagnosed with PSP and presently works to improve awareness and treatment of this enigmatic disease.

Excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) is the connection between the electrical action potential and the mechanical muscle contraction. Physiologically, it is a mechanism whereby an electrical signal detected by the dihydropyridine receptor is converted into an increase in calcium via activation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs). Per the article, mutations in RYR1, the gene encoding, are the underlying cause of various congenital myopathies including central core disease, multiminicore disease (MmD), which is a disorder that primarily affects muscles used for movement, as well as some forms of centronuclear myopathy (CNM), a condition characterized by muscle weakness, and congenital fibre-type disproportion. Patients with recessive, but not dominant,