Periodontal Disease Research Paper

The debris that builds up in these pockets around the teeth can cause further inflammation and bacterial infection, causing a buildup of plaques that turn into hardened tartar that eventually begins to rot away at the teeth and bones. Usually, proper dental hygiene is enough to Once tooth and bone loss begin, periodontal disease begins though, periodontal disease to become more difficult to treat. Fortunately, there is a very effective surgical solution using dental implants to treat periodontal disease. Dental implants make it much easier for those in more advanced stages to slow or halt further

     Periodontal disease is more commonly known as gum disease or gingivitis. This infection is serious enough, that it can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. This chronic infection starts around the tooth and it affects the supporting bone and gums. Periodontal disease can affect anywhere from one tooth to all thirty-two teeth. The disease pathology starts with the plaque that builds up on your teeth everyday.

Treatment of periodontal disease can be broadly divided into two, non-surgical and surgical. Longitudinal comparison between non-surgical and surgical therapy had been studied extensively by groups of researchers, namely the Gothenburg, the Michigan, the Minnesota, the Nebraska, and the Arizona group. There are some heterogeneities between studies from different groups. Some studies focused on single rooted teeth, while others included molars. Majority of the studies are done in a university setting, while the Arizona study was done in private practices.

As stated by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, “Each year, more than 30,000 new cases of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx are diagnosed and over 8,000 deaths due to oral cancer occur.” (CDC). Most adults are unaware that they have periodontal disease or gum disease, this occurs because they do not maintain routine checkups with their dentist. When we insert food and other bacteria into our mouths, it affects our teeth and gums. We need routine dental checkups and cleanings throughout our lives. Dental checkups usually involve x-rays, cleanings, and the examination of the mouth.

Through many decades there has been discussions on whether or not; periodontal disease is associated with heart disease. Periodontal disease is a result of not taking care of your teeth. When you don’t brush your teeth regularly, you can start getting a build-up of plaque, which will give you inflamed swollen gums that end up bleeding. Our mouth has over 700 different bacteria in there, and with the swollen bleeding gums that makes it perfect for bacteria to get in your bloodstream. Bacteria in your bloodstream is called bacteremia.

While good oral hygiene does play a role in preventing both types of periodontitis, there are other factors that may not be under your control that can make your child more susceptible to developing these more advanced forms of gum disease that can actually lead to bone loss in the mouth. One factor is genetics, and another is the presence of an inflammatory disease in their body.

Periodontal means “around the tooth.” If not treated, periodontal disease will completely destroy the bone that holds the teeth and the only resolution would be to extract the infected tooth or teeth. When the disease gets to a severe level, the bone eventually becomes completely destroyed and the tooth becomes loose. There are many leading causes of periodontal disease such as, smoking, certain medications, diabetes, chemotherapy, and family genetics. As most diseases, it can be genetically passed down, or it can be startled from bad habits. Smoking can not only cause gum disease but also cavities, and pharyngeal cancer. Tobacco is a toxic to the gums; it has a negative interference with the blood flow. Alcohol causes dry mouth as well as specific medications, which can also put a person in risk of periodontal disease. The range of over the counter medications that dry up saliva is two-hundred to four-hundred (Kittredge).

These diseases include: respiratory disease, diabetes, coronary artery disease, stroke and rheumatoid arthritis. The bacteria that can cause periodontitis can enter the bloodstream through gum tissue, which can possibly affect the heart, lungs and other major organs in the body.

Many people realize the importance of taking care of their teeth due to the immediate consequences of cavities, but it’s easy to underestimate the importance of having healthy gums. Signs of periodontal disease, often referred to as gum disease, may not be noticeable until the infection has occurred. These are three warning signs that your oral health problems are due to periodontal disease.

Gingivitis is a dental disorder characterized by the inflammation of the gums. It occurs after films of bacteria accumulate around the teeth (plaque induced gingivitis). Gingivitis is one of the non-destructive types of periodontal diseases. Gingivitis could worsen and progress to periodontitis if left un-attended. Periodontitis is worse and could lead to the loss of your tooth. Individuals with gingivitis have puffy and red gums and bleed once they brush their teeth. Gingivitis can be solved with proper dental hygiene- flossing, as well as more frequent and longer brushing. In mild cases of the diseases, individuals may not realize that they have it since the symptoms

Oral health seems to all link together, by not treating one side effect different concerns can occur in the oral cavity. Periodontal disease is a disease that involves inflammation of the periodontium. “Periodontal disease causes a breakdown of the periodontium, resulting in loss of tissue attachment and destruction of the alveolar bone.” (Bird, 2015) Which means that once it’s lost, you can’t get it back. “Periodontal disease is the lead cause of tooth loss and almost 75 percent of adults have some form of periodontal disease.” (Bird, 2015) The primary cause of periodontal disease is plaque. Plaque cannot be easily removed by rinsing the mouth, so if plaque builds up and isn’t removed for a long period of time, a patient with xerostomia and bad oral hygiene can be susceptible to periodontal disease. That’s why deep cleanings performed by a dentist or hygienist is so important. A dentist or hygienist uses a scaler that is used to scrap off plaque from above and below the gum line. In some cases, a laser may also be used to remove plaque which results in the procedure being more comfortable for the patient. That’s why patients need to be informed about removing plaque themselves at least once a day. Periodontal disease begins with a vast amount of bacterial plaque, but medications can also trigger periodontal

Gum diseases (sometimes called PERIODONTAL or GINGIVAL DISEASES) are infections that harm the gum and bone that hold teeth in place. When plaque stays on your teeth too long, it forms a hard, harmful covering, called TARTAR, that brushing doesn't clean. The longer the plaque and tartar stay on your teeth, the more damage they cause. This is called GINGIVITIS. If gingivitis is not treated, over time it can make your gums pull away from your teeth and form pockets that can get infected. This is called PERIODONTITIS. If not treated, this infection can ruin the bones, gums, and tissue that support your teeth. In time, it can cause loose teeth that your dentist may have to remove.

An overwhelming amount of evidence is showing that oral health affects a person’s general health in surprising ways. Prior studies have linked periodontal disease to diabetes, heart disease, and obesity. Since oral health is linked so heavily with other conditions, prevention is the key. Proper oral hygiene habits, such as brushing, flossing, and scheduling annual dental visits, can greatly reduce the risk of periodontal disease. In turn, a health mouth can decrease the chances of developing a number of chronic

A total of 50 patients visiting to the out-patient Department of Periodontics, M.S. Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore who were diagnosed with chronic periodontitis were recruited into the study. The ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the ethical committee of the institution. Patients within age group of 30 to 79 years with a minimum of 10 natural teeth present, patients with bleeding on probing in at least one site, patients with chronic periodontitis with at least two teeth with periodontal pockets of 5–8 mm in depth, patients with radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss and patients who have not undergone any periodontal treatment in the previous 6 months were selected for the study. Patients with systemic antibiotic therapy or use of NSAIDs prior to study entry and throughout the study duration, patients on medication known to potentially result in gingival overgrowth, pregnant or lactating females, patients with Type I diabetes or non-stable type II diabetes, patients with known allergies to NSAIDs or Chlorhexidine, patients with smoking habit and sites

Depending on the geographical location periodontal disease has been observed in 10-60% of the population and been associated with osteoporosis, foetal restriction, diabetes, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, preeclampsia, preterm low birth weight and low birth weight (Usin et al., 2014). By definition the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined LBW as below