Periodontal Disease Research Papers

     Periodontal disease is more commonly known as gum disease or gingivitis. This infection is serious enough, that it can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. This chronic infection starts around the tooth and it affects the supporting bone and gums. Periodontal disease can affect anywhere from one tooth to all thirty-two teeth. The disease pathology starts with the plaque that builds up on your teeth everyday.

Studies show that smokers have a highly increased risk of experiencing bleeding gums because inhaled smoke can deposit toxic irritants on the surface of teeth that are not easily removed with traditional oral hygiene practices. Those who smoke also have decreased immune responses that make the aggravated gums slower to heal.

Treatment of periodontal disease can be broadly divided into two, non-surgical and surgical. Longitudinal comparison between non-surgical and surgical therapy had been studied extensively by groups of researchers, namely the Gothenburg, the Michigan, the Minnesota, the Nebraska, and the Arizona group. There are some heterogeneities between studies from different groups. Some studies focused on single rooted teeth, while others included molars. Majority of the studies are done in a university setting, while the Arizona study was done in private practices.

Periodontal means “around the tooth.” If not treated, periodontal disease will completely destroy the bone that holds the teeth and the only resolution would be to extract the infected tooth or teeth. When the disease gets to a severe level, the bone eventually becomes completely destroyed and the tooth becomes loose. There are many leading causes of periodontal disease such as, smoking, certain medications, diabetes, chemotherapy, and family genetics. As most diseases, it can be genetically passed down, or it can be startled from bad habits. Smoking can not only cause gum disease but also cavities, and pharyngeal cancer. Tobacco is a toxic to the gums; it has a negative interference with the blood flow. Alcohol causes dry mouth as well as specific medications, which can also put a person in risk of periodontal disease. The range of over the counter medications that dry up saliva is two-hundred to four-hundred (Kittredge).

Patients were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: 1) no periodontal treatment within the previous 12 months; 2) no use of antibiotics within the previous 6 months; 3) no systemic disease that could influence the outcome or progression of periodontal therapy; 4) no use of anti-inflammatory drugs within the past 3 months; 5) no pregnancy; 6) no use of hormonal contraceptives; and 7) no smokers, alcohol drinkers, or drug users. Patients with <16 teeth, partial dentures, or fixed prosthodontic appliances were excluded from the study. Teeth with mobility grade III or periodontal pockets deeper than 10 mm in the studied areas were not evaluated. All selected patients signed an informed consent form before undergoing the research

Millions of Americans suffer from excruciating tooth pain every single day. They have cavities. They have stains on their teeth. They avoid smiling. They can even have bad breath, which is a sign that your teeth or your mouth is unhealthy. Some Americans are walking around with gum disease. Gum disease is an infection in your mouth. It’s the gums and the bones infected and you’re walking around everyday with an infection, which can cause lots of other health problems all over your body because you’re not paying attention to your teeth. On oralb.com, I read that “gum disease is linked to heart attacks and stroke.” Now maybe you’re one of the many Americans who avoids the dentist at all costs. You’re saying, “Oh I brush my teeth twice or three times a day”, “I

This first article provides an introduction to the topic by discussing the general and oral health statistics relating to smokers as compared with non-smokers. The second article provides some recommendations for those addicted to tobacco-smoking and the third addresses some of the questions dentists in Arlington Texas are frequently asked about oral health and

First of all, smoking from cigarettes, pipes or cigars are all lead to oral health problem. Smoking causes an unpleasant mouth odor because of the growth of bacteria when protein breakdown. Smoking tobacco leaves black and brown stains on the surface of the teeth and make it difficult to clean. Study also show the risk of oral cancer on

Nearly 50% of adults in the U.S. have some form of periodontal (gum) disease, according to the Centers for Disease Control, and severe gum disease affects 14% of people between the ages of 45 to 54. While early signs of gum disease can be easily and inexpensively treated, treating more advanced stages can be expensive. However, because you’ll have a bigger price to pay if you lose teeth to this disease, a dental discount plan can play an important role in your overall periodontal treatment plan.

1) Researchers have compared gingival cervicular fluid (GCF) LL-37 levels between smokers and non-smokers (16 smokers, 15 non-smokers) and came up with that smokers might have a highly possible surgical treatment because , by the time , the levels of the (GCF) LL-37 will be a highly effective factor in chronic periodontitis, whereas non-smokers might have a non-surgical treatment.( Does smoking affect gingival crevicular fluid LL-37 levels following non-surgical periodontal treatment in chronic periodontitis?. Türkoğlu O1, Eren G2. , 2016 Jan.NCBI.)

Periodontal disease, which is an infection of the tissue that surrounds the teeth, has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Those who had periodontal disease were two times more likely to suffer from coronary artery disease, one study has found. Good oral hygiene can prevent periodontal disease from occurring.

2. The increased cancer risk associated with gum disease did not show any difference between smokers and non-smokers.

Skin and mucous membrane integrity of head and neck, evidence by gingival bleeding and inflammation due to inadequate self-oral care. (Generalized moderate chronic periodontitis).

Gum diseases (sometimes called PERIODONTAL or GINGIVAL DISEASES) are infections that harm the gum and bone that hold teeth in place. When plaque stays on your teeth too long, it forms a hard, harmful covering, called TARTAR, that brushing doesn't clean. The longer the plaque and tartar stay on your teeth, the more damage they cause. This is called GINGIVITIS. If gingivitis is not treated, over time it can make your gums pull away from your teeth and form pockets that can get infected. This is called PERIODONTITIS. If not treated, this infection can ruin the bones, gums, and tissue that support your teeth. In time, it can cause loose teeth that your dentist may have to remove.

Chronic diseases are multi-causal and complex diseases; no single factor is responsible for its causes (WHO, 2015). Poor lifestyle behaviors like poor diet, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol and tobacco use are significant contributors in the development and progression of chronic diseases (Steyn, K., & Damasceno, A., 2006; Golubic, M., 2013). The continuity of these poor lifestyle behaviors throughout a person life can give rise to various chronic conditions such as high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, overweight, obesity. These chronic conditions if not treated and managed at time can lead to chronic diseases (Golubic, M., 2013).The amounts of evidence have shown that tobacco use in any form such as cigarrate smoking and chewing tobacco is associated with increase in the rates of hospitalization, complications, and mortality due to lung cancer (71%), chronic respiratory diseases (42%), heart diseases (10%), and various other types of cancers such as lip cancer, cancer of oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, lungs, uterus, cervix, bladder, and kidney cancer (Boffetta, P., & Straif, K., 200 9; Lind et al., 2010).