Periodontal Therapy Essay

     Periodontal disease is more commonly known as gum disease or gingivitis. This infection is serious enough, that it can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. This chronic infection starts around the tooth and it affects the supporting bone and gums. Periodontal disease can affect anywhere from one tooth to all thirty-two teeth. The disease pathology starts with the plaque that builds up on your teeth everyday.

The author concluded that with regular periodontal maintenance, removal of root surface accretion for better periodontal tissue attachment was more important than any surgical procedures.

A root planing and scaling procedure could help or stop these problems at any stage. It cannot undo the damage caused by these progressive stages. Recent studies show scaling and root planning may help address chronic periodontitis. This is a promising development, as surgery was one of the only methods to slow the progression of chronic

Figure 7 shows how endocytosis inhibition blocked ALN- induced bone formation in vivo. To examine if endocytotic inhibition affected the ALN-induced bone formation in vivo, DC was added to the ALN solution and put the extracted teeth in the solution and then replanted them. More bone tissue observed in ALN-treated tissue than in PBS-treated tissue on day 7. Adding DC to the ALN solution drastically reduce the ALN-induced increase in ALP-positive cell ratios and the ALN-induced decrease of attached TRAP-positive cells. Part A is a hematoxylin and eosin staining of the mesial and distal root. Part B is bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) between the mesial and distal roots of replanted teeth was determined. Part C is ALP staining, the image taken

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease that affects the soft and hard structures that support the teeth (Periodontal disease fact sheet, n.d.). When bleeding upon probing and gingiva inflammation occurs, periodontal disease is classified as gingivitis. When bone loss, attachment loss and deep pocking greater than 5 mm occurs, then periodontal disease is classified as periodontitis. This periodontal disease is highly prevalent in US population and has become major public health concern in the United States.

Apical periodontitis occurring after Root Canal Treatment presents a more complex etiologic & therapeutic situation than Primary Apical Periodontitis. There is a universal consensus that intra-radicular infection is an essential cause of primary as well as a major contributor of post treatment apical periodontitis. Enterococcus faecalis is the most commonly implicated microorganism in asymptomatic persistent infections1,2.

Different types of osteobiologic materials include: metal-based, ceramic-based and polymer-based bone graft substitutes either with or without various types of cells. Some of these materials may have various bioactive molecules such as growth factors embedded in them [47], [48-52] for example: BMP-2 [53-55], TGF-b [54], GDF-5 [56, 57] and VEGF [58] or a mixture [57], since these growth factors are among of the multiple factors expressed during bone regeneration [59-61]. Such materials have been investigated widely in literature[62], [63] to exhibit specific responses. Calcium phosphate showed osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties in the form of sintered ceramics [64-67], cements [68, 69], and coatings [70, 71]. Besides calcium phosphate

Periodontitis is an infectious disease that affects all organs of the tooth structure: gums, root surface, bone and ligaments that tooth is attached to the bone. Periodontitis begins inconspicuously as gingivitis, which is manifested mainly by bleeding. Later, the inflammation spreads to the depth and results in a progressive loss of bone. Gums begin to recede, the roots of the teeth is exposed arise periodontal swelling and pus. Teeth start to wobble, spacing and release. The decisive factor is the quality of oral hygiene, not

The dosage and duration of the antibiotic regime used along with surgical procedures vary greatly in the literature. However it is important that antibiotics should be taken in a minimum bactericidal concentration and for a minimum duration to limit the risk of side effects, especially the development of microbial antibiotic resistance. Apart from the traditional diagnostic procedures, the use of biochemical markers in assessing the progression of the disease activity and risk for periodontitis has gained a great importance. It can be detected in serum, whole saliva or gingival crevicular fluid. They represent as inflammatory mediators, collagen degradation and bone turnover related molecules. In inflamed periodontal tissues along with the breakdown of periodontal structures, it may also lead to resorption of alveolar bone. The factors involved in bone destruction are bacterial and host-mediated. Bacterial plaque products induce the differentiation of bone progenitor cells into osteoclasts and stimulate gingival cells to release mediators that have the same effect. They can also act directly on osteoblasts or their progenitors, inhibiting bone formation and reducing their

Progressing to an ageing population, the number of bone disorders and conditions is an increasing problem affecting millions of people today, with osteoporosis being a key example. Bone grafting is one form of a bone regeneration treatment for patients suffering from bone fractures and injuries, congenital abnormalities as well as reconstruction of the bones. Bone regeneration relies on several factors such as defect and graft size, tissue viability, shape and volume and cost. Although, the current gold standard for bone regeneration is “Autograft” , its limitations such as donor site morbidity and pain as well as rejection and the cost in association with bone harvesting post a setback.

Although two recent meta-analysis have been published on this topic(38,39), they did not assess the entire spectrum of regenerative periodontal therapy techniques. Furthermore, none of these reviews meta-analyzed the safety profile of such procedures and only one admitted comparisons between different types of interventions.(38) Thus, a new systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the efficacy and safety of all possible regenerative techniques may add further information.

(178) published a paper in the form of a clinical trial in order to examine the effect of periodontal treatment on the biological and clinical parameters of RA. Their proposed study was randomized controlled trial including participants with both RA and periodontitis. The investigators plan to involve a total of 40 individuals into two groups (intervention group including full-mouth SRP, followed by systemic antibiotics, amoxicillin or clindamycin, if allergic to penicillin, for seven days, oral hygiene instructions, and rinsing with 0.12 % chlorhexidine gluconate for 10 days after periodontal treatment). Patients will be followed for three months, and the same intervention will then be applied to the control group. The primary outcome of this study was a change in DAS28 score by decreasing RA activity. A major drawback of this study is the use of amoxicillin or clindamycin adjunctive to SRP. This antimicrobial approach should not be used as periodontal pathogens have been shown to be resistant to these

Throughout the years there have been many important advancements in cosmetic dentistry. Two of those important advancements are the methods used to treat periodontal disease. The names of those two treatments are plastic surgery and laser treatment for periodontal disease. The first method which is periodontal plastic surgery is the main method dental surgeons tend to go towards because it has been used more than the laser treatment. Plastic surgery of this disease begins with cleaning the deep areas

Even though every individual responds differently to the bacteria build up, it is still a critical factor and cause most of the problems within the periodontium. The bacteria in the plaque produces and release enzymes and toxins and destroys the supporting tissues and lowers the host defenses. Individuals are encouraged to practice good oral hygiene such as brushing and flossing, visit their dentist regularly, and consume a good eating habit to reduce the risk of periodontal disease.

The substance that is measured objectively and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, and pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention, acts as biomarkers 122 And using a combination of host and site specific markers provid accurately assesses to periodontal disease status, because of the complex, multifaceted nature of periodontal disease, it is highly unlikely that a single biomarker will prove to be a stand alone measure for periodontal disease diagnosis. 127-131