Pernicious Anemia Research Paper

The lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach leads to a vitamin B-12 deficiency. Vitamin B-12 is necessary for production of normal, healthy red blood cells. Without B-12, red blood cells become to large(macrocytic) and do not carry enough oxygen to supply the body. Without enough oxygen the body can not function normally and a person is said to be anemic (Pernicious Anemia, n.d.).

B7 (Biotin): Depression, lack of intestinal absorption, inflamed bowel syndrome, skin irritation, hair loss, poor muscle control, seizures, development delayed

1. Which of the following anemias is caused by a failure of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells and may be congenital or acquired?

Also known as normocytic anemia. This is the most frequent type of anemia most often happening to males over 85 years old. It is a common problem that occurs to men and women over 85 years old. Symptoms include and are caused by: a reduced production of normal-sized red blood cells even though presence of hemoglobin in the red blood cells is within the standard range; an increased production of HbS as is seen in sickle cell diseases; greater destruction and loss of red blood cells; an increase in plasma volume that is not compensated by anything else; a B2 (riboflavin) deficiency; and a B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency. (Brill & Baumgardner 2000).

1. These diseases include vitiligo, rheumatoid arthritis, anemia caused by not having enough vitamin B12 in the body and leads to extreme fatigue, celiac disease, and autoimmune hepatitis, a disease in which the immune system attacks liver cells.

In 1872 Michael Anton Biermer described a blood condition in a German article. He chose to name the rare disease he discovered “Pernicious anemia” because of the lethality and incurability at the time. Biermer’s disease or Pernicious anemia is a genetic disease where patients’ stomachs do not produce intrinsic factor which is a protein of the mucus membrane layer of the stomach.When the stomach does not make enough intrinsic factor, the intestine cannot properly absorb vitamin B12. The body needs vitamin B12 in order to function properly and remain healthy. Vitamin B12 assists in the production of red blood cells, DNA, and tissues, while helping keep nerve cells alive and healthy.This vitamin is found in many animal products such as beef, poultry, shellfish and more.

Pernicious anemia is a blood disease which is kind of anemia. " Pernicious is a term that means destructive, injurious or deadly"[1]. In addition, patients died in past from pernicious anemia, but these days the treatment has improved composed to the past . Pernicious anemia appears when red blood cells or hemoglobin are abnormal. If the hemoglobin is less than 13.5/100g in male while is less than 12/100g in female then considered a sign of anemia. This essay will cover the definition, symptoms, and diagnosis of pernicious anemia.

also had a complete blood count, a blood test, as a baseline to assess his overall health. The complete blood count is “To evaluate numerous conditions involving red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This test is also used to indicate inflammation, infection, and response to chemotherapy (Bladh et al., 2013).” T.A.’s abnormal blood results were as follows: RBC 3.3 10^6 cells/microL (low), hemoglobin 11.0 g/dL (low), hematocrit 33.2% (low), and mean corpuscular volume 99.7 fL (high). The normal range for RBC should be 3.8-5.81 10^6 cells/microL. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels should be 12.6-17.4 g/dL and 36-52%. Normal mean corpuscular volume should be 79-103 fL. T.A.’s abnormal lab values indicate anemia. A decrease in red blood cell is related to nutrient deficiency such as a deficiency in iron or vitamins that are needed for red blood cell production and maturation. The decrease production or maturation of red blood cells lead to anemia in the patient. A low hemoglobin is associated with an overall decrease of red blood cell count and anemia caused by nutritional deficit of iron, vitamins, and folate. It can also be low due to a decrease level of erythropoietin caused by the AKI. Like hemoglobin, a low hematocrit is associated with an overall decrease of red blood cell count due to anemia, nutrition deficiency, and AKI. T.A.’s increased mean corpuscular volume is related to anemia caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency (Bladh et al.,

Pernicious anemia due to decreased B12 affects the hematopoietic,gastrointestinal and nervous systems of the body. The hematopoietic system is affected in that, B12 is essential for the formation of red blood cells, therefore without adequate B12, there is a reduction in the production of red blood cells causing abnormally large shaped red blood cells to be produced. Red blood cells carry oxygen , therefore the NP will anticipate patients with anemia to have symptoms like dizziness, fatigue, pallor, tinnitus, cardiomegaly with murmur, tachycardia, and chest pain. Additionally, symptoms of the affected gastrointestinal system include anorexia, weight loss, abdominal cramping, weight loss, and glossitis. Moreover, symptoms of the affected

It gives the coefficient of variation of the red blood cell volume in percentage and thereby expresses the width of the volume curve. Traditionally, the measure is used in the differential diagnosis of anemia [9]. Because RDW becomes elevated earlier than other blood parameters, it is also helpful for early diagnosis of nutritional deficiency. Folic acid and B12 deficiencies will often present with high values of both MCV and RDW, while an iron deficiency anemia is characterized by a high RDW and low MCV. If blood cells are fragmented, agglutinated or dimorphic, this may also cause an elevation in RDW, and blood samples with elevated levels might need to be examined in a peripheral

There may be paralysis of bilateral lower limbs, bladder and/or bowel incontinence with absent ankle reflex.

Myelopathy Gait Chronic spinal cord compression causes myelopathy. Myelopathy is when a person losses their equilibrium with pitiable synchronization, diminished dexterity of the hands, turgid limitation and detachment in a non-dermatomal configuration. The person will also annotation that they are maladroit and will often decline things. Some noticeable things would include the script has changed, how they button buttons, zip zippers ect.

Pernicious anemia is a condition in which the body fails to make enough healthy red blood cells because there is a deficiency of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is a nutrient that the body needs in order to make healthy red blood cells and to keep the nervous system working properly. Individuals with pernicious anemia can’t absorb enough vitamin B12 from foods because they lack intrinsic factor (IF), a protein made in the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. A lack of this protein leads to a deficiency of vitamin B12. ( ) The decreased absorption of vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract that causes this condition is believed to be the result of an autoimmune process which makes the body’s immune system attack the lining of the stomach. Normally, vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor in the stomach to help ease its absorption later when digestive products pass through the small intestines. The autoimmune process attacks the IF protein resulting in lower IF levels in stomach secretions, therefore, causing vitamin B12 to not be absorbed. ( )

“Some symptoms of a high or low red blood cell count can include: fatigue, joint pain, and shortness of breath”(WebMD). A normal red blood cell count is anywhere from 4.7 to 6.1 million cells per microliter for men, and anywhere from 4.2 to 5.4 million cells per microliter for women. Some causes for a high red blood cell count are: smoking, heart disease, dehydration, or a bone marrow disease. Another form of malfunction in the red blood cell is anemia. There are multiple types of anemia, such as: sickle cell anemia, iron deficiency anemia, and hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia is when red blood cells are destroyed by an abnormal process in your body (WebMD). These malfunctions affect how well the red blood cell and cardiovascular system work in the human

Doreen Flynn is a mother of five children living in Maine. Three of her girls, Jordan, Jorja, and Julia, have a severe form of a life threatening disease called Fanconi anemia. Fanconi anemia is a recessive genetic disorder that interferes with normal blood cell production and causes deficiencies with organ growth. A victim will often have abnormalities in the heart, lungs, bones, spine, kidneys, eyes and ears from the lack of healthy blood. It also puts he or she at an extremely high risk for developing several different types of cancer. Medications and hormone therapy can be used to help a child survive for a while, but ultimately, a bone marrow transplant is needed.