Pernicious Anemia Research Paper

Iron deficiency anemia, one of the most common types of anemia, is a blood disorder where

According to the information of Nikoleta’s case, Cooley’s anemia has features that the beta proteins of hemoglobin do not function properly. This is caused my mutations in the beta chain of the hemoglobin molecule. The symptoms of Cooley’s anemia matches the symptoms of Nikoleta. The main reason why giving a high iron formula did the opposite is that the constant buildup of iron causes the symptoms to grow worse, and can even result in heart failure in the future. Cooley’s anemia decrease the red blood cell’s ability to deliver oxygen to certain tissues. The number of red blood cells are high, however, the number of hemoglobin is very

The most prominent cause of Iron Deficiency Anemia is bleeding. Blood loss from the Gastrointestinal Tract is a significant cause of anemia for both men and women. When blood is present in excrement, a gastrointestinal problem exists. Many times, people are unaware of these problems with their waste products. When they begin to feel the symptoms of anemia and undergo tests that determine that they are anemic, it begins the process of discovering more health problems. Anemia can serve as the precursor of certain diseases. There are many instances when it is merely a sign of severe disease such as a peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, hemorrhoids, angiodysplasis of the colon, and colonic adenocarcinoma (http://www.physsportsmed.com/issues/sep_96/browne.htm).

Although excess bilirubin can have extreme consequences, it is not always so dire. Gilbert’s syndrome, also known as constitutional hepatic dysfunction or familial nonhemolytic jaundice is the result of an inherited gene mutation. It is a harmless liver condition in which bilirubin is not properly processed. It is not always noticeable until a blood test shows elevated bilirubin levels, and only occasionally do people show symptoms of jaundice (

Iron deficiency anemia is quite common in children, as iron is needed to support growth. A lack of iron in the diet can cause delays in brain development, which may be irreversible. Common symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include irritability, palor, weakness, and cold hands and feet. Prevention of anemia is crucial for expectant mothers, as anemic women are at a higher risk for delivery complications such as hemorrhaging and having infants of low-birth weight. (Frantz, C. 2010).

Pernicious anemia is the etiology of vitamin B12 deficiency due to the lack of production of an intrinsic factor (IF), altered pH in the small intestine, and lack of absorption of B12 complexes in the terminal ileum as well as folic acid deficiency. Impairment of IF production can occur in adults due to autoimmune destruction of parietal cells, which secrete IF; gastrectomy can significantly reduce the production of IF. A rare congenital autosomal recessive disorder can result in deficiency of IF without gastric atrophy. Other disorders that interfere with the absorption and metabolism of vitamin B12 can produce cobalamin deficiency, with the development of a macrocytic anemia and neurologic complications. Some autoimmune diseases such as Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and vitiligo the depigmentation or blanching of skin areas. (Center Disease Control &Prevention (CDC), 2015)

Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia is a blood disorder r that is inherited and it is also present at birth. Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia is just one of the many types of anemia, which are conditions that affect the red blood cells. When a person has anemia they have a shortage of RBC’s. Red blood cells are important in maintaining homeostasis in the body. The main functions of the red blood cells are to transport oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body. With that being said, when people suffer from anemia do not get the adequate amount of oxygen to the tissues of their body. The symptoms of anemia vary from person to person, some experience weakness, while other are more fatigued (www.ghr.nih.gov). Other symptoms include pale skin, chest pains and tachycardia or fast or irregular heart rate/ beat.

Hyperbilirubinemia is a condition in which there is too much bilirubin in the blood. When red blood cells break down, a substance called bilirubin is formed. Babys cannot easily get rid of the bilirubin and it can build up in the blood and other tissues and fluids of the baby's body. Bilirubin has a pigment or coloring, it causes a yellowing of the baby's skin, eyes, and other tissues. This is called jaundice.

I was surgery last month. After surgery, my doctor told me I had an amount of blood. So, I felt very tired. I become more interested in anemia. Accordingly, I had picked iron deficiency anemia. According to the Health line, anemia occurs when I have a level of red blood cells (RBCs) in my blood that is lower than normal. They explained iron deficiency anemia that is the most common type of anemia, and it occurs when my body do not have enough of the mineral iron. My body needs iron to make a protein called hemoglobin. This protein is responsible for carrying oxygen to my body’s tissues, which is essential form my tissues and muscles to function effectively. When there is not enough iron in my blood stream, the rest of my body cannot get the

A six year male child presented with chief complaints of yellow discoloration of eyes and associated history of passing high coloured urine for three months. It was associated with nausea, diffuse abdominal pain and decreased appetite. There was no history of irritability, change in behaviour or altered sleep pattern and no bleeding from any site. He had not received blood transfusion any time in the past. There was no similar illness any of the family members. The child was admitted to a private institution for a two week period, but as there was no improvement, he was referred to our institute. At admission, he was afebrile and vitals were stable. General physical examination revealed mild pallor and severe jaundice. Gastrointestinal systemic examination revealed moderate hepatomegaly along with an enlarged left lobe of liver. There were no other clinical features suggestive of chronic liver disease. Investigations revealed a total serum bilirubin of 15.6mg/dl with conjugated fraction of 13.40mg/dl.

Pernicious anemia is a condition in which the body fails to make enough healthy red blood cells because there is a deficiency of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is a nutrient that the body needs in order to make healthy red blood cells and to keep the nervous system working properly. Individuals with pernicious anemia can’t absorb enough vitamin B12 from foods because they lack intrinsic factor (IF), a protein made in the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. A lack of this protein leads to a deficiency of vitamin B12. ( ) The decreased absorption of vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract that causes this condition is believed to be the result of an autoimmune process which makes the body’s immune system attack the lining of the stomach. Normally, vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor in the stomach to help ease its absorption later when digestive products pass through the small intestines. The autoimmune process attacks the IF protein resulting in lower IF levels in stomach secretions, therefore, causing vitamin B12 to not be absorbed. ( )

Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder that prevents the body from making the intrinsic factor. It is important to know how this process works. An autoimmune disease is a disease where the body’s own immune system makes antibodies that attack its own body because it recognizes something in the body (in this case intrinsic factor) as foreign that needs to be destroyed. The antibodies attack the

The lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach leads to a vitamin B-12 deficiency. Vitamin B-12 is necessary for production of normal, healthy red blood cells. Without B-12, red blood cells become to large(macrocytic) and do not carry enough oxygen to supply the body. Without enough oxygen the body can not function normally and a person is said to be anemic (Pernicious Anemia, n.d.).

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive disease which belongs to a group of

Another important consideration is the rarity of blood type. People with type AB are, indeed, unique individuals sharing their blood type with only 3% of the population. Because this type shows A and B genes, it inherits type A’s low stomach acid and type B’s adaptation to meats, where meats get stored as fat due to low stomach acid. Type AB also shows a correlation with anemia, heart disease and bronchial infections. It is also common for this blood type to show inhibited insulin production which may result in hypoglycemia and a less efficient metabolism of foods. Another rare blood type is type O negative. It is a special type that is most in demand by hospitals since it can treat people with any blood type due to its lack of antigens. However,