Pernicious Anemia Research Paper

Anemia is caused by the bone marrow not being able to replace red blood cells (RBCs) that are either destroyed or are taken out of circulation (Porth, 2011, p. 292).

Sickle Cell Anemia is an inherited form of anemia, a condition in which there isn’t enough healthy red blood cells to carry sufficient oxygen throughout your body. Normally a person has flexible and round blood cells. With Sickle Cell anemia, Hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells, that carry oxygen in the body, are defective causing some of the red blood cells to change and form a sickle, or crescent moon shape.

Anemia is a condition in which the concentration of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood is below normal. Hemoglobin is a substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues of the body. Anemia results in not enough oxygen reaching these tissues.

There are many different signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia. As mentioned before, the classic sign is the feeling of being tired and weak at all times. Other signs and symptoms can include having a bright red, smooth tongue, tingling and numbness in the hands and feet, shortness of breath (Mary J. Shomon, n.d.) There is also changes in a persons nervous system. Such changes are seen in the patients vision, taste, and smell. The patient may also have an unsteady gait, become depressed, confused, have a loss of memory and develop psychosis. Problems can even occur in the digestive system. This would include bleeding gums, mouth sores, nausea and vomiting. Gas, heartburn, change in bowel movements (constipation or diarrhea), and weight change are some other symptoms. Evan hepatomegaly can be part of the disease process. Left untreated pernicious anemia can lead to heart failure/heart attacks and strokes. The disease also

A genetic disorder caused by the abnormal gene for hemoglobin S is called sickle cell anemia. Only replace that take place in glutamic acid is to fill in for valine as the sixth codon of the hemoglobin protein, which alter declines the hemoglobin’s ability transform oxygen throughout your body. The human body needs oxygen in order to function when we eat food and liquid for energy even including muscles, repairs our cells, feeds our brain, breath and nerves. Normal cells are described as round, red, flexible and travel easily throughout your blood vessels. Sickle cell anemia describes a red blood cell that has inflexible, tacky, and create like a crescent moons not like the normal red cells. It tends to slow down or block the blood flows while

Sickle-Cell Anemia is an inherited, chronic blood disease in which the body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells. When the blood cells become crescent/sickle shaped, they are unable to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen to other cells. Also, these unusual “sickle” cells block blood pathways to the limbs and organs, limiting the amount of blood flowing throughout the body. It causes pain, organ damage, and anemia (low blood count). Unfortunately, however, when sufferers are born with this disease, they live life knowing it is incurable.

The clinical presentation of patients with aplastic anemia includes symptoms related to the decrease in bone marrow production of hematopoietic cells. Specific manifestations include pallor, headache, palpitations, dyspnea, fatigue, or ankle edema (Porth, 2015). Signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia may include nosebleeds and bleeding gums, frequent or prolonged infections, and pharyngeal ulcerations. Patients with aplastic anemia commonly present with symptoms of pallor, headache, palpitations, dyspnea, easy bruising and fatigue (Porth, 2015). Other symptoms include visual disturbance due to retinal hemorrhage, petechial rashes, SOB with exertion, dizziness (Porth, 2015). Patients with aplastic anemia also present with jaundice and evidence of clinical hepatitis (Porth, 2015). Obtaining work history, solvent exposure, as well as a family, environmental, and infectious disease history (Musser, 2006). The clinical presentation of

Pernicious anemia is the etiology of vitamin B12 deficiency due to the lack of production of an intrinsic factor (IF), altered pH in the small intestine, and lack of absorption of B12 complexes in the terminal ileum as well as folic acid deficiency. Impairment of IF production can occur in adults due to autoimmune destruction of parietal cells, which secrete IF; gastrectomy can significantly reduce the production of IF. A rare congenital autosomal recessive disorder can result in deficiency of IF without gastric atrophy. Other disorders that interfere with the absorption and metabolism of vitamin B12 can produce cobalamin deficiency, with the development of a macrocytic anemia and neurologic complications. Some autoimmune diseases such as Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and vitiligo the depigmentation or blanching of skin areas. (Center Disease Control &Prevention (CDC), 2015)

In 1872 Michael Anton Biermer described a blood condition in a German article. He chose to name the rare disease he discovered “Pernicious anemia” because of the lethality and incurability at the time. Biermer’s disease or Pernicious anemia is a genetic disease where patients’ stomachs do not produce intrinsic factor which is a protein of the mucus membrane layer of the stomach.When the stomach does not make enough intrinsic factor, the intestine cannot properly absorb vitamin B12. The body needs vitamin B12 in order to function properly and remain healthy. Vitamin B12 assists in the production of red blood cells, DNA, and tissues, while helping keep nerve cells alive and healthy.This vitamin is found in many animal products such as beef, poultry, shellfish and more.

As a provider, one will care for many patients that have different types of anemia. Anemia is not so much as a disease as a symptom of an underlying issue. Although there can be particular signs and symptoms associated with anemia, the basis of a diagnosis is from laboratory data. For the purpose of this discussion, I will evaluate a case study and give a differential diagnosis. I will also assess how patient history, physical exam, and lab reports support my diagnosis. I will explain the pathophysiology of the type of anemia and give causes and treatment options available.

What a great topic Kaley. As you stated the stomach’s metabolic pathway is a complex one. Regarding pernicious anemia (PA), I would like to say that it is an autoimmune disease which will deteriorate the gastric mucosa leading to complications in the proper absorption of vitamin B12, because of the limited quantity of parietal cells that produce the intrinsic factor (Bizzaro & Antico, 2014). In other words, PA is caused by insufficient secretion of intrinsic factor and poor vitamin B12 absorption (Bizzaro & Antico, 2014). Moreover, vitamin B12 plays an incredible role in the erythropoiesis process and myelin synthesis (Bizzaro & Antico, 2014). A way to treat this disease is to administrate parenterally (intramuscular) injections of 1mg of

1. Anemia, pp. 989. Anemia is a areduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin. Anemias commonly result from (1) impaired erythrocyte production, (2) blood loss (acute or chronic), (3)increase erythrocyte destruction, or (4) a combination of these three. sThe fundamental physiologic manifestation of anemia is a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood resulting in tissue hypoxia.

Conferring to the case study 1 of Ms. A, who is suffering from iron deficiency anemia. “People who experience iron deficiency anemia lack adequate iron required to produce hemoglobin. Hemoglobin supports red blood cells in carrying oxygen all through the body” (Mayo Clinic, 2014). In this presentation, the writer will provide rationales where Ms. A is presenting signs and symptoms of Iron Deficiency Anemia.

Anemia is a very clinically common diagnosis, especially in women. From the given case study, one can learn the factors that cause anemia and the common type of anemia in females. In this essay, the author is going to analysis a typical 26-year-old young lady and identify the classification of anemia and explanation of patient diagnosis with rationale.

Anemias: Laboratory Findings for Client who has Aplastic Anemia (System Disorder, RM AMS RN 9.0 Chp 41)