Persistence Hyperinsulinism Case Studies

During the year 1889, two researchers, Joseph Von Mering and Oskar Minkowski, had discovered the disease that is known today as diabetes. Diabetes is a disease in which the insulin levels (a hormone produced in unique cells called the islets of Langerhans found in the pancreas) in the bloodstream are irregular and therefore affect the way the body uses sugars, as well as other nutrients. Up until the 1920’s, it was known that being diagnosed with diabetes was a death sentence which usually affected “children and adults under 30.” Those who were diagnosed were usually very hungry and thirsty, which are two of the symptoms associated with diabetes. However, no matter how much they ate, their bodies wouldn’t be able to use the nutrients due

Presently, diabetes is a major concern for health care system across the world. Diabetes is a disease that is characterized by either low levels of insulin or an abnormal resistance to the effects of insulin coupled with inadequate levels of insulin secretion to balance. The three major divisions of diabetes are type one, type two, and gestational. The first subclass of diabetes, type I or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is usually characterized clinically by abrupt onset of symptoms, insulinopenia and dependence on injected insulin to sustain life, and proneness to ketosis (raised levels of ketones in the body). On the other hand, type 2 diabetes is the noninsulin dependent form of the disease that often presents without the metabolic abnormalities typically associated with diabetes. However, they may require insulin for correction of symptomatic, or persistent, fasting hyperglycemia if this cannot be achieved with the use of diet or oral agents. Such patients may develop ketosis under special circumstances, such as severe stress precipitated by infections or trauma (National Diabetes Data Group, 1979). Gestational diabetes is comparable to type two diabetes because of its insulin resistant nature, and involves the hormones of pregnancy forming an environment that breeds insulin opposition in women genetically predisposed to diabetes. Diabetes exists in all ages of people, in all races of people, and in every region around the world. Alone, diabetes is already

FHI is a clinical and genetical disorder which can be inherited in an autosomal dominant(less common) and autosomal recessive patterns of inheritance. In this cases, the pancreatic beta cells over-produce insulin. The condition is characterized by inadequate suppression of insulin secretion in the presence of severe, recurrent, fasting hypoglycemia (Nestorowicz, et al. n.d.). The clinical manifestations range from life-threatening hypoglycemia presenting in the first days of life to only mildly symptomatic hypoglycemia in an adolescent that may be difficult to identify. The response to medical and surgical therapy also varies between affected individuals. Normally, insulin is secreted in response to the amount of glucose in the

Diabetes mellitus is a long-term chronic condition in which a person that has high blood glucose level either, because of inadequate insulin output or the body cells does not respond properly to insulin, affecting the bodies capacity to extract glucose from the bloodstream and utilise it for energy. Causing improper functioning of the pancreas that secretes insulin. Approximately 1 million Australians have been diagnosed with diabetes; also Australia has the 6th highest incidence and 7th highest prevalence of type 1 diabetes in children from the ages of 0-14 years old. The nature of the 3 main types of diabetes which are Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational include: Type 1 a disorder portrayed by hyperglycaemia (increased blood glucose levels), a breakdown of body fats and proteins that develops ketosis.

Diabetes is a metabolic disease involving elevated blood glucose levels over a prolonged period of time due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Diabetes is Greek for “siphon” because of the observation of frequent thirst and urination. There are two general disorders within the classification of “diabetes”; Diabetes Insipidus is

Type 2 diabetes, a chronic disease that prevents the child’s body producing enough insulin and so the glucose can’t be used as energy.

Type I diabetes is mainly caused by autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells, leading to an inability to produce insulin. It has been called juvenile diabetes because the onset is usually in children. Type II diabetes, on the other hand, usually begins in adults. It can be caused by differing degrees of beta cell dysfunction or insulin resistance at the receptor, which is the basis for variance in the treatments given for Type II. A third form of diabetes, being the focus of this paper, is caused by impaired insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells due to potassium channel dysfunction. This is commonly referred to as Neonatal diabetes, because it has a typical onset in the neonatal stage. It can appear later on however, as in some cases it has a juvenile or adult onset. Therefore, it commonly misdiagnosed as Type I diabetes in juvenile cases [3]. Neonatal diabetes can be either transient or permanent, and the mildest form of the disease has onset in adults. The main distinction between neonatal diabetes and Type I is that in Type I, autoimmune destruction of the beta cells causes an inability to produce insulin, whereas in neonatal diabetes (referring to diabetes caused by K+ channel dysfunction), beta cells produce insulin, but are unable to secrete it [3]. Although neonatal diabetes is relatively rare compared to Type I and II, it is still significant for study, as a more complete

Chronic elevated glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) with disturbances metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrate resulting from disorder in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. (1) Expected to increase diabetic patients by 2025 to approximately 300 million people in the worldwide (2) In ancient times it was difficult to identify diabetes as the ability of patients to heal weak, the researchers think the diabetes resulting from defect in the bladder and kidneys are the cause of diabetes. (6)

Drawing a more noteworthy comprehension of hereditary qualities will at last help specialists distinguish a more customized methodology in treating the sort 2 diabetes illness. Regularly alluded to as a cardiovascular ailment portrayed by a failing hormone known as insulin. Insulin is discharged in the wake of eating a dinner and permits glucose from the blood to be consumed by cells to be utilized for vitality or to be put away in fat cells.

Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects millions of Americans. There are only two types of it. Type one is the most serious type. It is caused by the body's inability to produce enough insulin. Type two is developed when the body can't efficiently use the insulin that is available to absorb sugar into the cells. So the sugar builds up in the body. Usually, type two diabetes is more common in adults, but there has been a sudden increase in the amount of children that are developing it. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) isn't sure why it is happening though. This article will discuss a few of the key areas that research has pinpointed as contributors to the problem.

but it is believed to be related to insulin resistance or what is sometimes called “in-

Of great concern with HHS is a higher mortality rate. HHS occurs when high glucose levels and dehydration slowly increase each other until both are extreme. Another differing key feature of HHS is the presence of neurological changes and absence of ketones. In contrast HHS occurs more often in older adults, but can occur in children with type one and type two diabetes during periods of illness. Moreover, HHS is often the presenting event that leads to diagnosis of type two diabetes (Diabetes Info, 2016). Precipitating events for HHS include illness such as diarrhea, pneumonia, sepsis, a cardiac event and/or decreased fluid intake leading to extreme hyperglycemia. Glucose levels in HHS are in excess of 180 mg/dl often rising to over 600mg/dl, resulting in the kidneys inability to reabsorb the glucose. Of consequence, the profound dehydration and hyperosmolality greater than 350 mOsm/kg, simply cannot be corrected from drinking fluids and requires IV therapy, potential electrolyte replacement and hospitalization (Mensing, McLaughlin, & Halstenson, 2011) (Childs, Cypress, & Spollett,

syndrome and the body’s ability to create insulin. There is a significant amount of evidence that

One of the world’s most rare inherited genetic disorders, Phenylketonuria is an autosomal recessive condition that affects 1 out of every 15,000 people in the U.S. It’s well known for causing brain damage and mental disabilities, and central nervous system damage amongst other irreversible symptoms. Although it can now be tested for and is treatable today, it limits what foods the body can eat without serious harm. Phenylketonuria is a metabolic disorder involved with chemical imbalances of proteins and paves the way for harsh symptoms, developmental disabilities, and an incredibly strict diet.

Diabetes Mellitus is “a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also associated with neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular diseases which lead to mortalities.