Personal Learning Theory : Edward C. Tolman

Hermann Ebbinghaus was born on January 24, 1850 in Barmen Germany. He attended his native town’s gymnasium, the most academically advanced of the German secondary schools, until the age of seventeen. Ebbinghaus chose to continue his education and studied at several German universities. However, at the start of the Franco-Prussian war he took a hiatus from his studies and joined the German Army. When he returned, he recommenced his university work to earn a doctorate in philosophy in 1873. Hermann’s interest eventually drifted towards psychology with the work of Gustav Fechner being a strong influence; this and other factors led to an emphasis on experimental psychology.

Constructivist Learning Theory exists under the focus of cognitive learning and has substructures of the concepts of self- efficacy, self- regulation, and metacognition as it defines how adults learn (Billings & Halstead, 2012, p. 211). Billings & Halstead (2012) explains that learning is considered a transformation in a person from personal experience. It is a continued process that encompasses understanding, clarifying, and applying meanings of knowledge that is developed. The learning theory, constructivism embraces that learning is a development. A learner constructs new knowledge by building on existing information through a process

The Learning Theory influences everyone’s culture, ethnicity, gender, and social status, by being from different geographical location and religious background everyone has a unique characteristic, when it comes to learning or problem solving. One of the most important events in a human’s life is the “Learning Theory”.

Bersstein, D.A., Roy, E.J., Srull, T.K. and Wickens, C.D. (1991). Psychology. 2nd Edition. Boston: Houston Mifflin Company.

Learning is the process of gaining knowledge or skills through study, experience or teaching. It is a process that depends on experience and leads to long-term changes in the possible behaviour of an individual in a given situation, in order to achieve a goal.

Learning is gaining knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by being taught. So what does it mean to learn? To learn, it means to expand your knowledge so you can use it through out your life. It means not making the same mistakes by using what you already know. The knowledge you learn will help you on whatever journey you are taking. Learning new information will make you think. And thinking can get you through tough situations and it will make you make wiser choices. To me, thinking means to question and explore diffrent aspects of a situation as you enter a inner world of thought. This is what to learn and to think means to

In their explanation Ertmer and Newby (2013) point out the essentials of learning theories and how they assists individuals or group of people to learn. Further, Ertmer and Newby (2013) endorses learning theories as foundation and prerequisite for strategies that instructional designers need when developing those techniques that facilitate learning. Many experts has singled out the three learning theories namely; cognitivism, behaviorism, and constructivism which have provided explicit understanding of the learning process. Among the first theories which according to Driscoll (2005) was curved from the field of psychology was behaviorism. Behaviorism right from the 20th century has concentrated on how stimulus together with reinforcement affect

Human beings are interesting in nature. Vast studies and theories have been created in the past century, targeting the notion of how adults learn. In the culmination of this research derived the Andragogical Model and four types of adult learning theories. These types are called Humanism, Constructivism, Cognitivism and Behaviorism. Although the context of each theory may seem complex at first, they are rather simple and are clearly identified by their title. More specifically, Constructivism is the belief that “there is no ultimate shared reality, rather a reality that is the outcome of a constructive process.”4 Therefore, the method of teaching is best conducted, not through lecture, but through interactive learning such as games, media, discussions, cooperative learning and independent study1. Constructivism is the most effective learning theory when targeting an audience with little knowledge of the complex Performance Evaluation System.

When it comes to absorbing information into a useful format that can be used and applied into our experience of life, learning matters. Recently, I have begun to look at the idea of learning in a new way, thanks to the work of many researchers who sought to understand how the human mind learns. In this paper, I will focus on one particular learning model that was presented by Neal Fleming and discuss how it affects my personal learning.

Learning is a vast processes and this starts from the time when we first open our eyes to see the world. Later complicacy starts as we grow up and learning forms a particular path to tackle this complicacy. This process is formed by the human being and human being only followed this path and he is still following. Learning is basically knowing something that is not known before or rather doing something which is not done before. It could be learning through teaching or experience. Thus learning is combination of theoretical knowledge and practical experience. When they put theoretical knowledge to practical use and is able to get some result out of the same. Learning has got various purposes, knowing the difference between

People have taught themselves to speak a new language, use computers, learn math, play chess, or to play a musical instrument. They set objectives and manage this process by seeking resources and help from others, engaging in active learning tasks, getting feedback from others, and practicing applications. (Tough 1971) proclaim that “Adults often use the natural learning process when they need to learn something that is important to them.” Self-directed learning would call for individuals to to change before achieving learning. So, if the information that is presented is causing an internal conflict with beliefs and behavior could interrupt the learning process. When the information that is part of the objective is now defined cognitive as a threat rather than an enhancement learn is delayed until clarification is achieved cohesion. Batson states that, “people often resist information that conflicts with their current beliefs, especially when a message is from a trusted source and when the evidence is strong.”(Batson, 1975) The implications of these assumptions are clearly that learning should be largely based on individuals ' experiences and focused on life situations and life goals. Instruction should emphasize the analysis of experiences and the role of the instructor should be that of a facilitator or

Do we ask ourselves why we go to school everyday? Why we must be educated? Why we are learning? The answers are clearly understandable because everyone has his/her own particular reason. One person would like to get a job; one would like to come up with something new; another would like to invent something that has not existed before. Simply, no one can accept being without a job or an education. I would introduce my personal theory as a Self-Based-Learning (SBL), which is a pedagogical learning theory that occurs personally by someone who is able to synthesize a group of actions that can help him/her to learn naturally. Learning on your own can happen by focusing on three approaches of theories that are problem-based learning, constructivism theory, and self-directed learning. The SBL theory can influence society, human performance, and education. The learner will be the center of knowledge that will interact with multiple aids that assist him/her to become an expert or inventor. Those aids are informal learning, formal learning, and collective learning. The SBL theory will take place under instructor/teacher supervision in order to keep the learners on track. Furthermore, the teacher should aim and motivate the learners’ achievements, performance and outcomes. Self-based learning is a strategy supported by multiple learning theories; each one of these theories should be interpreted to clarify the concepts of my personal theory, which is self-based learning strategy.

This essay will compare and contrast three key theories of learning; Behaviourism, Cognitive Learning Theory and Constructivism.

This paper address the founding of psychology along with the schools of structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalytic, gestalt, and humanistic psychology. Each school is unique in the different ways in which they were discovered, built up, and how they influenced psychology itself.

Learning is defined as the process of gaining knowledge of something or how to do something. As human beings, we tend to learn different things in the society we live in. learning is essential in the development of both physical and mental growth of human beings. Learning in human beings is based on what we are able to retain about the new aspect that we have learnt. According to Thomas leahey human beings can forget 78% of whatever they have leant in 6 days if they do not review it in the within the six day of learning. Learning is related to other aspects of life such as perception behavior motivation cognition among others. Human beings learn through both conditional learning and operant learning. When we learn something,