Personality And Psychodynamic Models Of Personality

Burton, western & Kowaslki (2015) describes Personality as the enduring patterns of thought, feeling, motivation and behaviour that are expressed in different circumstances. In other words it can be defined as differences in characteristics in a person, including their way of thinking, likes, dislikes, sociability, openness, feelings and behaviour, which make them the person they are and differentiates them from others. All these traits when brought together is known to be the personality of that particular person.

A person’s personality says much about who he or she is. People define personality in different ways. Researcher after researcher has tried to come up with the best definition for what personality truly means. Case studies, correlational studies, and experimental designs are some of the most commonly used methods of research. These methods help better define personality. The advantages and disadvantages of each method differ and can be helpful or hurtful to the research of an individual’s personality.

Respond to the following questions in your own words. Your responses should include specific examples and should incorporate concepts and terms from Chapters 9 and 10 in your textbook. Your final submission should be a minimum of 3-4 page in APA format.

One of the ways to determine an individual’s personality is by using The Big Five Model, which began with the research of D.W Fiske (1949) followed by a numerous amount of other researchers: Norman (1967), Smith

Another model of personality, like the trait approach, is the biological model. This is by far the most scientific of all of the different models and is also the most prosperous, meaning that it regularly releases new discoveries. The biological model largely focuses on the functions of the brain and how that affects personality. Typically, this requires observation by brain mapping for the most accurate results, but since this is not available, the results will be inferred from subject A’s known personality.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was developed in part to offer a form of Jung 's personality type theory that is more coherent and useful in people 's lives. It has become one of the most accepted and widely-used development tools for assessing personality characteristics in non-psychiatric populations. Applications have been made across a broad range of human knowledge, including in areas such as psychotherapy and counseling; education, learning methods, cognitive styles, career counseling, and management and leadership in organizations. Isabel Briggs Myers devoted a great deal of her life to the creation of an instrument that would be valuable to the largest possible population of people, initially designed to facilitate research

Allport defines personality as ‘the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment’ (Allport, 1937). An individual’s unique personality traits and attributes are a powerful indicator of how he/she will interact with the work environment. The difference between average and outstanding employees can often be solely personality related. As the employee is the most valuable asset to the company, ‘selecting the right employee during the process is critical’ (Carbery and Cross, 2013, pp. 41-53)

I have chosen psychosexual and psychosocial development; for my model of presentation. "In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent, and the genital – is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive. Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in relation to any psychosexual developmental stage, he or she would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder" (Wikipedia)

The big five framework used today was developed by Paul T. Costa and Robert R. Mcrae in 1992. It has become exceptionally useful and research has shown how commonly it is used when describing personality. The five factors used in the model are extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness and neuroticism. It is important to understand what each of these factors represent to gain a proper image of a person’s personality and how they represent their behaviors. Extroversion is seen as someone with a predominant concern for obtaining gratification from stimuli outside of the self. Extroverts tend to enjoy human

Many psychologists have formed important theories regarding personality. Some of these theories are still relevant to our world today. These theories have helped form humans and they have also changed the way we think and the way we do things. There are many different forms of personality theories that have shaped the world for us: Biological, Behavioral, Psychodynamic, Humanist, Trait, etc. Biological theories are based on genetics and they believe that genetics are responsible for personality. Behavioral theories suggest that personality is the reason for interaction between others. Psychodynamic theories are mostly based on the works of Sigmund Freud. These theories state that the unconscious mind and childhood has effects in personality. Humanist theories believe that the ability to be free and have experience on one’s own effects personality. The final personality theory it the Traits theories. This theory states that personality is passed along by traits. The many personality theories still may not be just enough information for us to understand why everyone has a different personality, but the theories do help us to have a broader understanding of it. Famous psychologists such as Sigmund Freud, Carl Rogers, Carl Jung, etc are responsible for making these theories understandable. They are great thinkers who have proposed many intelligent theories and reasons for personality. Some of these theories are still

The Big Five model uses five broad dimensions to determine personality. Using this model, individuals are rated low, moderate, or high in relation to their propensity to exhibit the dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience (Kinicki & Kreitner, 2006). The characteristics of an individual who scores positively in the extraversion dimension are sociable, friendly, fun-loving, and talkative (John, 2009). Positive ratings in agreeableness reflect that an individual is good natured, sympathetic, forgiving and courteous (John, 2009). Dependable, responsible and persistent are characteristics of a

Personality does not have a specific meaning in a psychological term and there have been multitude of definitions. What involves personality, is not just one thing; there are various factors that contribute what is personality? Personality seems to be located upon a complicated interaction between genetic, environmental factors, and with race, ethnicity, culture, age, as well as, gender. In 1937, Gordon Allport defined personality as ‘the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine a unique adjustment to the environment’ (Maltby, Day, and Macaskill, 2013, pp.18). However, in 1961, Allport defined it again, but this time as ‘the dynamic organisation inside the person of psychophysical systems that determine the person’s characteristics patterns of behaviour and thought’ (8 Theories and Measurement of Personality Characteristics, 2014). His definitions are the most quoted.

The Big Five Model around personality psychologists has been already demonstrated as efficient tools for assessment and description of human personality. This model was

Behavioral Models of Personality is based on behaviorism, “the theory or doctrine that human or animal psychology can be accurately studied only through the examination and analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioral events, in contrast with subjective mental states” (behaviorism, n.d.). Behavior has such an impact on our personality, as it reflects how reactions to events and situations that we experience in our lifetime. Although there are many, many different models and theories of personality; as Magnavita (2012) states, “learning is the basis of all human behavior. How we learn and what we learn is an important part of our personality.” Nature vs. Nurture is an a familiar argument that people question whether nature or nurture has more of an impact on our personality. Many individuals believe that genetics impact our personality while other individuals believe that the environment that we live in is the primary cause of our personality above anything else. A question that we could ask is whether or not the environment impact our behavior more than our genes do? By learning about Behaviorism through this paper, one will have an understanding of the different components that provide insight through examination and critique. Theories within Behaviorism, the contributors of Behaviorism; as well as strengths and weaknesses of Behaviorism.

The study of personality is very important in the field of psychology because it aims to provide an account for individuality of human beings (Pervin and John, 1999). There are many psychological definitions which attempt to explain personality in terms of characteristics or typical qualities of an individual. Gordon Allport, defined it as “a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts and feelings’ (Allport, 1961, p. 11). Throughout the existence of this idea, psychologists have attempted to find ways to assess personality, creating different tests and theories, for example the Big Five Model of personality traits. This model, also known as the Five Factor Model (FFM), included five main personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. The FFM was developed by Costa and McCrae (1985; 1989; 1992; 1997), who are argued to be the most distinguished psychologists in the area of personality.