Pertussis Paper

Cause: Whooping Cough, also known as Pertussis, is a highly contagious disease affecting the respiratory system (nose, throat, lungs and airways) and is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. The ‘whoop’ from the cough derives from the deep breaths at the end of each bout of coughing. Whooping cough is very infectious and affects individuals of all ages.

As a health care professional different screening are to be mad e to improve pertussis vaccination. Once a patient is admitted screening and if probable vaccinate parents of infants and children, all emergency room visits, pregnant women at appropriate trimester. It was mentioned that establishing standing

Pertussis or whooping cough affects the respiratory system. It is a contagious infection of the respiratory tract. Pertussis is caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. The disease is highly contagious. Infected people are most contagious up to about 2 weeks after the cough begins. The bacteria spread easily through the air from person to person through tiny drops of fluid from an infected person's nose or mouth. When an infected person sneezes or coughs, others can become infected when they inhale the drops or get the drops on their hands and then touch their mouths or noses. These bacteria attach to the cilia that line part of the upper respiratory system. The bacteria release toxins which damage the cilia

Pertussis is a highly contagious disease that is transferred from person to person. "People with pertussis usually spread the disease by coughing or sneezing while in close contact with others, who then breathe in the pertussis bacteria. Many infants who get pertussis are infected by older siblings, parents or caregivers who might not even know they have the disease" (Vaccines.gov n.d.). According to the CDC symptoms of pertussis usually begin to show up within five to ten days after exposure to the bacteria, but it can take

Early symptoms may include but are not limited to: runny nose, low-grade lingering fever, coughing, and apnea. That may not sound very bad but because pertussis in its early stages appears to be more like the common cold, it is often not diagnosed until the more severe symptoms appear. Pertussis can also cause violent coughing until the air is gone from the lungs. This extreme coughing can result in throwing up and exhaustion. The first pertussis vaccine was developed in the 1930s. The vaccine was in full use by the mid-1940s.

The second stage is evasion of host defenses. Pertussis uses adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) and pertussis toxin (PT), a complex bacterial toxin, to evade host defenses. ACT inhibits the motility and activation of phagocytes and T-lymphocytes, while PT targets the lung’s immune system. This prevents neutrophils from reaching the respiratory tract quickly, and also promotes the infection through macrophages. PT also causes lymphocytosis, which is an influx of lymphocytes in the blood. (1-2)

B. pertussis is a respiratory pathogen found only in humans2. It is a small, encapsulated gram negative coccobacillus that is easily spread through the inhalation of droplets or direct contact with secretions of the respiratory membranes1. It is extremely slow growing, taking between six to twenty days to culture, and is fastidious, requiring special media to grow on, including Bordet-Gengou agar and

Despite vaccination, the incidence of pertussis in children younger than one has increased to more than one half of all childhood pertussis case due the undeveloped immunity (Gregory, 2006). Pertussis can be fatal in infants. Infants younger than six months with pertussis are more likely to develop complications, and to require hospitalization (Guinto-Ocampo et al., 2010).

Whooping cough is a respiratory disease caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. The disease is contageous and spread very rapidly. Though there were vaccines but the bacterium might have resistant of the vaccine. Thus the diseased has spread abruptly. So the disease is considered as emerging infectious disease. Generally the first couple of weeks are infectious in Pertusis. The etiological agent of whooping cough or pertusis is a gram negative aerobic pathogen namely bordetella pertussis. The toxins released by this bacterium include pertussis toxin, haemagglutinin, fimbria and cytotoxin. This is a motile bacterium that can only live in humans, means humans are their only hosts. Whooping cough is an infectious disease that spread through

On older respiratory disease thought to be controlled for years with the vaccine, has resurfaced. This contagious bacterial, disease is called Pertussis which is caused “by a type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis.” (CDC, 2015) Pertussis is a respiratory disease which is highly contagious that is contracted after being exposed to sneezing and coughing from an infected person. Symptoms resemble the common cold with accompanied by a persistent, heavy cough. Another name for Pertussis is whooping cough, because of the whooping sound a person makes.

Pertussis is caused by Bordetella Pertussis, which attacks the lungs.While the bacteria are in the body it restricts airflow due to the excess mucus stuck in the passageways. The disease is highly contagious, fluid from the mouth and nose is where you are more likely to find traces of Pertussis. You have a higher chance of getting the infection if you have been around someone who already has it and you've come in contact with their sneeze, cough, and/or tears. Pertussis is separated into three stages: catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent. In the catarrhal stage, you will begin to notice the child coughing, sneezing, and possibly run a fever. You will assume that your child has a common cold but it last around 1-2 weeks and will progress

Pertussis manifests in three stages: catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent. The catarrhal stage consists of mild upper respiratory tract symptoms, like those of the common cold. This is the stage during which the patient is most contagious, continuing through the first two weeks of coughing. The paroxysmal stage consists of coughing, leading up to paroxysms (fits) of coughing, with the naming “whooping” sound on the inhale and often followed by vomiting. Other severe cough related complications are known. The severity of complications increase with age. The convalescent stage consists of the gradual waning of symptoms over weeks to months. The disease is severe in infants, and most severe and atypical (with different signs and symptoms) in infants under six months of age mainly due to complications like apnea (a sudden stop of breathing.) Classic pertussis lasts from six to ten weeks, but about half of adolescent cases last ten weeks or longer.

A. The problem identified in this case is pertussis disease transmission rate. Pertussis is a highly infectious respiratory disease, which has been a major health concern across the globe. The disease incidences have been increasing steadily over the years despite the fact that there is a vaccine available, which is effectively in use. Researchers and scientists have been unable to explain this trend with various reasons provided creating a very difficult environment to understand the cause since every researcher provides a different explanation explaining the increasing rate of incidence of pertussis despite the vaccine being available. Pertussis disease has been responsible for at least 100,000 deaths across the globe annually (Spector &

Consequently, the incidence of pertussis remains high with teens to adults thus they are the major source of transmission to infants, which often proves itself deadly to infants under 8 weeks of age (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Reasons for this low rate of immunization ranges from deficient knowledge, fear of vaccines adverse effects to the lack of accessible and affordable programs (Blendell, R. L., Fehr, J. L., 2012). The Institute of Medicine released a consensus report in 2011 that explains the evidence refuting health problems such as autism or asthma links to vaccines and found only common self-limiting adverse effects of vaccination including injection site reactions or localized pain, fever, and malaise (Blendell, R. L., Fehr, J. L.,

To date, there is no evidence in the literature that shows that the transmition can occurs person to person. People get it when they breathe in a mist or vapor