Pest Control Of The Cotton Leaf Warm Spodoptera Littoralis

Farmers and those in the agricultural field have for a long time had to deal with insects which try to attack their crops and ruin their potential harvest. To combat these menaces, chemists were able to create chemicals which would kill the insects and protect the crops. These chemicals, such as DDT, were very successful and farmers had more to harvest than in years past. However, there was an unforeseen result of the mass spraying of poisonous chemicals. Human beings were negatively affected in a multitude of ways including direct illnesses as a result of pesticides and indirect negative effects because of the chemicals.

In the 90s scientists worked and created a new type of insecticide (Shetlar, 2008, p.78). At first they had the names chloro and thianicotinyls but, eventually those names were changed. When the new improved products were placed on the market for use, the results had varied and issues had arisen. The new pesticides/insecticides did not have a great affect in killing the insects and were causing different problems.

The real instrument in mosquito control operation is the use of synthetic insecticides, for example, organochlorine and organophosphate mixes. In any case, this has not been extremely fruitful because of varying factors. Recently, utilization of a large portion of the previous engineered insecticides in mosquito control program has been restricted. It is because of the absence of novel insecticides, high cost of synthetic insecticides, dealing towards ecological manageability, destructive impact on human health, and other non-target populations, higher rate of organic amplification through environment, and expanding insecticide resistance on a worldwide

Up to forty percent of the world’s potential crop production is already lost annually because of the effects of weeds, pests, and diseases. These crop failures would be doubled if existing pesticides were abandoned. Without crop protection food production would decline and many food products would be in short supply and prices would rise. Crop protection chemicals that reduce and, in some cases, eliminate insect damage allow the consumer to purchase high-quality produce free of insect fragments. Helping to keep food prices in check for the consumer is another large benefit of

The two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) consider one of the major economic plant feeding pests, attacking a wide range of hosts all over the world, resulting in severe economic injury and occasionally plant death. In Egypt, phytophagous mites are serious pests on crops, vegetable and fruits and frequently cause considerable losses in plant yields, where mites are one of the worst pests of tomatoes and strawberry. T. urticae is feeding on the foliage that may significantly reduce plant vigor, causes necrosis in young leaves and stems, which decreases photosynthesis and transpiration, lower total yield, and diminish fruit quality in case of large population of the spider mite can destroy whole plants, resulting in complete yield loss. Production of high quality strawberry and tomato

The increase in desire for perfect produce, drives the need for pesticides today. Much debate of the effects of chemicals used on commercial crops and overall long term effects on humans is an increasing concern. With the increase in advertising of organic produce, many standards of farming have been criticized. Many are claiming a large increase in risk to humans for consuming commercially grown produce, because of the chemicals used to manage such a large volume of crops. There have been many debates of the actual risk of pesticide consumption. With advancing technology and farm equipment, many types of chemical sprays and powders have been used. The actual effect of these pesticides and long term exposure can be harmful to human health.

Pests are nuisances, vectors for disease, and hinder the production of food and other goods. Pests contribute to roughly 14% of the destruction of the world’s annual agricultural output. Additionally, they are vectors that allow for the transmission of many pathogens (Windley, 2012). The exact date that pesticides were implemented into the practice of agriculture is unknown; however, it is estimated that it likely has been around since the inception of early farming techniques. For instance, sulfur was recorded to have been used as a chemical control for mites and insects as early as 12000BC (Jones 1973). One common insecticide used in the Middle Ages in Persia and ancient China consisted of an ingredient from the Dalmatian pyrethrum flowers. Containing 1.5% of pyrethrin, the Dalmatian pyrethrum was the origin of an active insecticidal substance (Davies et al, 2007). Paris green (copper(II) acetate triarsenite or copper(II) acetoarsenite) was a key component in the chemical control of the Colorado potato beetle during its application in 1871 (Alyokhin 2009). The historical evidence of regular utilization of these insect deterrents indicates an awareness by early agriculturists of the interactions between pest and the unique properties of chemicals that destroy them. Furthermore, it is becoming more of a necessity to support the sustainability of the needs of an ever-growing population of humans. However, the world may be “cutting off the nose to spite the face”

Insecticidal soaps have many advantages when compared to other insecticides. They are inexpensive to use, are among the safest pesticides, leave no harsh residue, are natural products that are virtually non-toxic to animals and birds, and can be used on vegetables up to harvest (Williamson). Most beneficial insects are not harmed by soap sprays. Soaps are fatty acids that can degrade or dissolve the protective layers of the insect cuticle, causing the insect to desiccate. Insecticidal soaps kill by suffocation. They disrupt the cellular membranes of the insect, and they remove protective waxes that cover the insect, resulting in dehydration (Williamson). Insecticidal soaps are considered nontoxic to humans and many beneficial insects, but selectively kill certain pest insects (Murray 6). Insecticidal soaps breakdown easily in the environment, and therefore they do not stay in the environment (Pundt). It is less likely that resistance to insecticidal soaps will develop as quickly as to the more traditional pesticides. Resistance within the insect tends to develop more quickly with materials that have a very specific mode of action (Pundt). My investigation will expand knowledge in this area by determining what type of organocides are most effective in their killing ability. It

To prevent weed growth, traditional agriculture relies on cultivation and tilling or the use of toxic chemicals. Insecticides are also heavily used to prevent the destruction of crops by pests or viruses. The application of both herbicides and insecticides can be extremely hazardous to the environment, while cultivation promotes soil erosion via wind or rain (Ream 3). Plants can be genetically modified so that they themselves create an insecticide; therefore, once the plant is attacked, the part of the plant ingested acts as a toxin, killing the pest. This is much more effective as the traditional spray is harmful to the environment and breaks down within a matter of days by sunlight, high temperature, or rain (Smith 5). A Genetically Engineered (GE), insect-resistant crop would continuously produce the insecticide within the cells of the plants where it could not be stripped off and would cause no threat to the surrounding

Have you ever walked into a supermarket and laid eyes upon the most beautiful fruit you have ever seen? Or admired the shiny red surface of an apple? What if I told you that many harmful chemicals are used to achieve that look? Pesticides and herbicides are toxic substances sprayed on food and plants used to repel insects and unwanted weeds. Conventional farmers say that plants not sprayed with pesticides will fall prey to insects and weeds. The answer to this is not found in chemicals, but in conscientious farming and organic practices. Pesticides and herbicides are repulsive substances that unintentionally kill animals, destroy the environment, and are harmful to those who ingest them.

In 1985, almost 1,000 people got sick from watermelons with residue from the pesticide Temik. Pesticides are toxic chemicals that are used on crops to keep insects, rats, weeds and fungi away. Without them, defenders argue, modern agriculture would be impossible; the anti-mosquito pesticide DDT has saved millions of lives and the bubonic plague was conquered by an anti-rat pesticide. Environmentalists, however, point to the health risks pesticides pose and question whether the pests will become immune or not to these toxic chemicals. Perhaps the problem really stems from the modern practice of planting one crop across many acres, which is like setting a banquet for the pests that feed off of these crops.

Pesticides have not only dramatically affected the human population but all organisms in the world. There is new compelling research that links the death of across 14 different species of birds caused from insecticides. In the past few years, neonicotinoids have become the most popular pesticides that farmers use. The reason why they became the most popular substance is because of their ability of effectively killing pests and easy to apply. As the seed grows it combines the insecticide into every bud and branch, successfully turning each plant into a pest killer. In 1992, the U.S Environmental Protection Agency reported that various species of birds have difficulty flying from consuming a tiny amount of the pesticide. Neonicotinoids also affect

Insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, and antimicrobials are all pesticides. Many insecticides are designed to attack the brain and nervous system of an insect, which means they can also have a neurotoxic effect on humans. They are generally the most immediately toxic to insects. Farmers get caught in the “pesticide trap” as they are forced to use more and more pesticides to control insects and weeds that have formed a resistance -- also referred to as “superbugs” and “superweeds.” Each year pesticide resistance is increasing. “Between 500 and 1000 insect and weed species have developed pesticide resistance since 1945. Each year an estimate of 1 billion pounds of pesticides are applied throughout the U.S. and over 17,000 are on the market. People using pesticides and others in the community who live near are most at risk for pesticide poisoning, but studies by the Centers for Disease Control show that all of us carry pesticides in our bodies. (Pesticides 101,

Insects may develop low level contamination through mere contact with the nectar, pollen, or water secreted from a plant grown with this systemic insecticide (TAMU, 2015).

Whilst, the evaluation results showed us what aspects in our training session could have done better and which areas needs improve for future training sessions. Hence, evaluation results can have a sense of way which shows the overall training session.