Petroleum : Facilities And Processes

Three sectors define the value chain of the oil industry; Upstream – which is the process of exploration and extracting the natural resource, control storage and entail refinement process. Midstream – consisting of distribution by pipelines and large quantity shipments. Downstream – second refinement, blending, secondary storage, distribution, and the commercial side of the business such as, fuel stations or the delivery services for retail consumers.

The oil and gas industry is a large Industry and contributes a critical role in driving the global economy (Sam’s et. al., 2006).The upstream section of the Industry is involved with the first stage of exploration and production, the midstream section involves the transportation of crude through pipelines, ships e.t.c to the refineries. The downstream is involved with refining and process of the oil and gas products. The distribution and marketing of crude is then done for end user consumption. For purpose of this report the analysis shall be on oil and gas operations with emphasis in the United Kingdom. According to (Oil and gas UK,

The first of three pillars that make up the oil and gas industry in Canada is the upstream sector, which is comprised of

A proposed oil pipeline project will have the capacity to transport thounsands of barrels of crude oil to refineries in Oklahoma, Illinois, and the Gulf Coast of Texas. The Keystone XL is a 1,711-mile pipeline delivering Canadian crude oil to United States oil markets. This project is a response to the market demand for heavy crude oil in the Unites States. The pipeline will also be used to transport crude oil to the Cushing tank farm in the Midwest region. Many refineries in the Gulf Coast region provide millions of barrels per day, This region accounts for almost half of U.S. refining capacity. The refineries produce large amounts of refined petroleum product, like gasoline and jet fuel. The negative impacts of

The project consists of three major components, these components will consist of the aforementioned natural gas pipeline conversion, along with the construction of new pipelines in several provinces, including, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick, which will link up to the main pipeline, and finally the construction of several necessary facilities, such as pump stations and tank terminal, to help transport the crude oil cross country. (TransCanada, The Project section, par. 3)

The project consists of three major components, these components will consist of the aforementioned natural gas pipeline conversion, along with the construction of new pipelines in several provinces, including, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick, which will link up to the main pipeline, and finally the construction of several necessary facilities, such as pump stations and tank terminal, to help transport the crude oil cross country. (TransCanada, The Project section, par. 3)

The major products produced by a refinery are, Kerosene, Premium Motor Spirit (“PMS” - Gasoline), Automotive Gas Oil (Diesel), Fuel Oils, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG),

Petroleum system processes include source rock, seal rock, reservoir rock as well as overburden rock. The processes inherent in petroleum system include the trap formation and the generation, migration and

Every oil or gas well has at least a short pipeline system to a holding tank, and many connect to long-distance pipelines that pump products for hundreds or even thousands of miles to ports or refineries. Refineries, of course, are a complex maze of piping systems that funnel raw and finished petroleum products through various processes to sea transport or tanker trucks. Pipe layers and pipeline welders are the professionals who build and repair these pipeline systems.

The crude oil industry has become prominent since mid 19th century. Ever since the Industrial Revolution, the development of drilling methods has brought oil into a drastically larger extent of mass production. Petroleum is one of the important extracted compositions of crude oil in the U.S. Until today, it is globally used mainly as fuels in transportation. Other uses include heating homes, powering industry, and providing raw material for plastic manufacturing. The great importance of oil to the country has led to the exploitation of its resources in the past century. Not only exploiting land resources, the government

Crude oil pipelines are the foundation of our liquid energy supply. Pipelines collect crude oil from inland production areas like Texas, Wyoming, North Dakota, Louisiana, Alaska, and the Western Canadian parries. Pipelines also move crude oil produced far offshore in coastal waters, when refined and processed, crude oil provides the energy resources we have come to depend on in modern society. Canada and the United States use millions of gallons of crude oil to support our daily lives, such as running our automobiles, kitchen stoves and heating our homes. While many neighbouring countries still run on high emission forms of production. Various forms of transportation are

Magnetic surveys help give information about geographical areas that may lie in sedimentary basins by recording the spatial variation in the earth’s magnetic field, rock types with lower concentration of magnetic materials are considered to be possible source of hydrocarbons (sedimentary

Products of this process can include, pet coke, gasoline, jet fuels, diesels, and liquid petroleum (8).

Due to complications in gaining access to risk capital and lack of expertise wanted for resource exploration and production, most developing nations with oil and gas reserves grant development right to foreign companies, which have adequate expertise, technology and capital to fund the project including the capabilities to manage

Petroleum Companies operations can divide into two types: upstream and downstream activities. Upstream exercises can classified as first phase petrochemical business ' procedures, which incorporates involves exploration, production, and procurement of raw crude oil, or different types of hydrocarbon raw materials. On the contrary, downstream activities are all the activities that place after the raw material has acquired. These activities incorporate all the procedures that the raw materials are liable to until the final item will convey to the buyer. Some downstream activities are refining, transportation, and sales of petrochemical items such as, fuels, oils, lubricant, and other petroleum-based chemicals. Due to the instability of the oil market, it is critical that petroleum organizations operate effectively in order to recover all expenses, even when oil costs continuously follow a downward