Pfls2 Case Study

Though there are certain individuals who may process the work at a certain time, it takes a team effort to make sure that even those individuals have all that they need in order to do their job proficiently which will also affect my progress. For instance if Tom in the mailroom is late bringing the mail that may include payments this can cause Suz to get behind on her work of applying the payments. If Lee doesn’t make sure that our systems are running correctly then Ange can’t obtain the customers contact information nor can Corin

The purpose of our lab was to sequence part of the Pseudomonas fluorescens genome trying to find genes coding for the polyketide antibiotic which is thought to be the key component of biological control over Take-all disease. We studied clone #2 and found 100% similarity with genome of Pseudomonas brassicarium and 87% with glathione S-transferase enzyme. This enzyme is involved in cellular detoxification and can be included in fighting Take-all.

As with any meeting, the preparation of notes to discuss will be important to come with a resolution with the management and staff. Sarah should call a mandatory meeting with the staff. Once the meeting has started Sarah should first let the staff know that she appreciates all and everything that they do each and every day. I believe letting the staff know that they are appreciated is a good step as a manager when starting a meeting.

As mentioned before, FFF is an organization that tries to bring together immigrant families from different backgrounds in order to fight for more comprehensive immigration laws in the U.S. In this way, Figure 2, which was taken from FFF’s website, also tries to accomplish FFF’s goals by showing how people from different backgrounds are uniting to protest against deportations. One of the visual cues that suggests this is a poster in Spanish that is evident at the back. Also, another big poster behind it represents a women’s organization. Lastly, in front of that one, a group of youth is holding a sign that reads “Raza Youth Collective,” which, according to their website, is “a collective comprised of people hailing from various communities and

Qfd1 (labeled as Qbws1 on the chart) was found at River Mile 189.5 preserved between a Black Ledge lava dam remnant and a basalt flow. The base of the deposit was 110m above the current river level while the top of the deposit was 170 m above the current river level. The clasts were 92% basalt and had identical Rare-earth element (REE) patterns, which indicated that they came from the same lava dam source. The clasts ranged in size from hyaloclastite ash and lapilli to a 6 m diameter limestone boulder. Based on age and pattern of REE, Qfd1 deposits seemed to have correlated with the dam produced by the Upper Prospect lava flows (Fenton et al. (2004)). While the Toroweap Dam correlated in age to Qfd1, its REE pattern did not align in a parallel

The investigation of GSP as a possible proxy for measuring FSG levels first depended on defining the relationship, if any, between FSG and GSP. Using the Mexican-American cohort, GSP values were screened for their relationship with FSG, as well as HbA1c. This investigation revealed that GSP is in fact a significant predictor of FSG levels (p<.00001). As a control measure, the relationship between FSG and HbA1c was investigated, which expectedly proved that HbA1c is a predicative measure of FSG levels (p<.00001). Conversely, the relationship proved that FSG is a significant predictor of GSP levels (p<.00001). Similarly, it was revealed that HbA1c is a significant predictor of GSP.

2B) Determine the novel “OFF-Mechanism” of ethylene response in ethylene signaling cascade. Recent Dr. Yoon studies on ethylene signaling have demonstrated that CTR1-mediated differential phosphorylation is the mechanism by which plants use to regulate the function of EIN2, a positive regulator of the ethylene signaling, and transduction of ethylene signal from ER to the nucleus. CTR1 phosphorylates EIN2 in the absence of ethylene, which leads to inactivation of EIN, preventing further transduction of the signal to the nucleus. However, in the presence of ethylene, this CTR1-mediated phosphorylation is suppressed due to the inactivation of CTR1, resulting in

In order to test the hypothesis that the WRKY75 transcription factor directly regulates FLS2 expression, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), the CRISPR/Cas9 and microarray techniques can be implemented. Firstly, an EMSA will be conducted to determine whether WKRY75 is a transcriptional factor that regulates and binds to pFLS2. The DNA probe that will be used is the pFLS2 double-stranded DNA sequence, which contains the regulatory element. WRKY75 will be determined as a binding protein if we observe band shift, as electrophoresis separates molecules based on charge and size; therefore, DNA attached to a protein will take longer to migrate through the gel. If WRKY75 is determined to be a transcriptional factor of pFLS2, we can implement the CRISPR/Cas9 technique.

ZFN’s are chimeric proteins that are bound to “a modular array of Cys2-His2 DNA-binding zinc fingers” that are in turn bound to the FokI [1]. The TALEN’s are Transcription Activator-Like Effector (TALE) proteins that are secreted by bacteria that can control the gene expression of their host cell [1]. These particular bacterial proteins were first observed in plant cells [1]. TALENs assembly is less problematic but harder to synthesize than the ZFNs [1]. They both require formulating new DNA binding proteins for each gene [1].

Plant hormones otherwise known as phytohormones are chemical substances synthesized within the cell for use in regulation, cell to cell communication, and growth and development of the plant. These hormones are usually transported to a different cell to elicit a response. However, there are some which are able to act within the cell in which they were synthesized. They are synthesized in low concentrations and they are small in size for ease of transportation through the cell wall. The location at which they are synthesized varies as such it is not limited to a specific cell type. Depending on the situation, the response to the hormones can vary greatly. They can act as inhibitors, stimulators, and are also able to affect the biosynthesis of other hormones. Plant hormones usually act as a group through “cross-talk” between hormones and other signals in order to coordinate various responses necessary for the plant. 1- After biosynthesis of the hormone has occurred, they are conjugated so as to remain chemically inactive. Once they are active or have been de-conjugated, they will be able to bind to specific receptors so as to enter signal transduction and elicit a response. In signal transduction, the protein can go through either protein phosphorylation or proteolysis to achieve downstream effects. In phosphorylation, protein kinases are able to add phosphate groups to activate a protein. Conversely, dephosphorylation can occur through the use of protein phosphatase which

Many reports have clearly demonstrated the roles of phytohormones in Pi signaling pathways (López-Bucio et al., 2005; Nacry et al., 2005). Previous work has shown that Pi starvation in plants caused a reduction in Gibberellic Acid (GA) levels and accumulation of DELLA proteins. DELLA-mediated signaling contributes to certain aspects of Pi-deficiency responses in roots, i.e. suppression of primary root growth and raise of root hairs (C. Jiang, Gao, Liao, Harberd, & Fu, 2007). Auxin is known to control GA-mediated repression of two growth-repressor DELLA proteins known as RGA and GAI (Fu & Harberd, 2003). Furthermore, it was shown that ethylene and strigolactone biosynthesis is induced in response to Pi deficiency (Nagarajan & Smith, 2011).

To understand the timing of FLC activation in embryogenesis, the author first examine when FLC is reactivated using an FLC:: GUS reporter line. They found that FLC expression was activated in pro-embryo within 1 day after pollination and onwards from both non-vernalized parental plants and vernalized parental plants, despite that FLC expression is lower from vernalized plants than that from none-vernalized plants. These results were further confirmed by in situ mRNA hybridization. Then the author postulated that LEC1, a master embryo transcription factor and expressed in the pro-embryo and throughout embryogenesis, is a good candidate required for embryonic de novo FLC activation. To support their hypothesis, the author first introduced loss of function null lec1 allele in FRI-Col and found that this FLC-dependent later flowering phenotype was suppressed. Next, they crossed lec1 with FLC:: GUS line and found that FLC expression was suppressed in the pro-embryo stage and onwards. These results suggest that LEC1 reactivate FLC expression in early embryogenesis and onwards in non-vernalized plants. To explore whether LEC1 could reactivate FLC expression after parental vernalization, the FLC expression was traced for two generations in LEC1/lec1 seedlings by FLC-GUS reporter. FLC was fully activated in LEC1/lec1 before cold and silenced after vernalization, and the

So far, few TFs directly regulating MIRNA genes have been implicated in plants including activation of MIR165a and MIR166b by SHR (SHORT ROOT) and SCR (SCARECROW) during post-embryonic development (Carlsbecker et al. 2010; Miyashima et al. 2013). LEC2 regulation of MIRNA genes has not been reported yet but it cannot be excluded as FUS3, a TF structurally and functionally related with LEC2 (Harada, 2001), was suggested to control MIR156, MIR160, MIR166, MIR396 genes in the embryogenic culture of Arabidopsis (Wang and Perry, 2013).

It was in the year 1990 that transgenic introduction of a gene silenced endogenous gene expression in plant (Petunia) was first achieved by the introduction dsRNA. It was found that it is processed by Dicer into a 21-23nt small

Richards DE, King KE, Ait-ali T, Harberd NP. HOW GIBBERELLIN REGULATES PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: A molecular genetic analysis of gibberellin signaling. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 2001;52:67-88.