Pgr + 331na Subgroup Review

of a higher grade and most of them show a signature ofbasaloid gene expression (Mayer et al., 2014).

Understanding ways to prevent breast cancer are important for all women to know and discern. Every woman is at risk of developing breast cancer, however, the risk is not equal among all women. “Some breast cancer risk factors, such as gender and family history, are not changeable. Other risk factors, like age, become more important as a woman grows older. Some of the following lifestyle characteristics could reduce the chance of developing breast cancer. Characteristics include exercise at least one and a half hours a week, maintaining a healthy body weight, and taking Aspirin or Ibuprofen twice a week can lower your chances of developing breast cancer. Alcohol consumption more than doubles the risk of women obtaining breast cancer, and smoking shows increased rates of breast cancer”(Holmes par 1). Some women may not be genetically proven to develop breast cancer, but that doesn’t mean the individual will not get cancer

Women who are at the greatest risk are over the age over the age of fifty years of age. Patients with a family history of cancer, especially in their first degree relatives, may have inherited mutations of BRCA1 and/or BRCA2. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genetic mutations that put patients are risk for cancer. Patients that have a history of breast cancer are five times more likely of developing cancer in the opposite breast. Patients with dense breast are at risk for developing breast cancer due to the fact dense breast contains more glandular and connective tissue. Patients who are exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation to the thorax, early menarche, tobacco use, nulliparity, late menopause, and first child birth after thirty years of age put the patient at risk for breast cancer (Ignatavicius, 2013, p.

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer is mostly due to a mutation in the Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1(BRCA1) and breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA 2) genes and is the most common cause of both forms of breast and ovarian cancers due to hereditary (Weitzel, Blazer, MacDonald, Culver, & Offit, 2011). Although the overall prevalence of the BRCA 1/2 genes is estimated 1 in 400 to 1 in 800 with a higher occurrence in the Ashkenazi Jewish population which is 1 in 40 that have the BRCA genes. According to Weitzel, Blazer, MacDonald, Culver, & Offit (2011), the likelihood of having the BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation is dependent on one’s personal and/or family history of cancer and can be assessed by using several mutation probability models. After a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene has been identified in the family, testing of all of at-risk relatives can identify those family members who may also have the BRCA gene and therefore will need to have an increased in following and early intervention when a cancer is diagnosed. There are several options that a person who has been diagnosed with having

Breast cancer constitutes the second most prevalent cancer most common among women of the world with an estimated 1.62 million reported cases in 2012 which constitutes 25% of all cancer cases and ranks fifth among mortality due to cancer (Ferlay et al., 2015). In the United States, according to American Cancer Society an

List the factors in the patient’s history that increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

Mutations in HRAS1, the Cowden disease gene, p65, and TSG101 may also confer a higher risk of developing breast cancer (Easton et al., 1993; Krontiris et al., 1993; Greene, 1997 cited in McCain, 1997).

Moreover, common, known and synonymous variants were not included in their final analysis. In our study we will investigate all variant types because our aim is to determine what pathways variants occupy and their interactions with other variants. Eliminating variants may well result in lose of

Denis Campbell explains how British women have an extremely higher risk in breast cancer than in other countries. Campbell says British women highly likely to getting breast cancer even though they are four times higher than women in Eastern Africa. Scientists recently noted that there are ways to prevent breast cancer, yet the issues can be dealt such as maintaining healthy weight, drinking less alcohol, and being more physically active. It is often said that how to reduce chances in breast cancer, Campbell insists that breastfeeding can prevent this from happening. The author also states in Eastern Africa, women drink alcohol much less than the British women

Describe the “phenotype” that is being studied in this analysis and the specific prior evidence that suggests that any further work will reveal a genetic factor.

I was reading an article titled "Breast Cancer: Predicting Individual Risk", it is written about a doctor at the mayo clinic in Rochester, MN. "He is widely regarded as the one of the international leaders in the genomics of breast cancer." He says, " Two women with the same high-risk mutation in a breast cancer gene- and thus the same sixty-five percent lifetime risk of breast cancer- could, in fact, have very different outcomes. Depending on how the other 20,000 odd-genes in her genome might be acting in the background, one woman may develop breast cancer at an earlier age, and the other might not even get it (p. 1-2)". He is studying to give women the best information on their genes as possible. Doctors are learning way more about this disease than other doctors in the past which is in return helping woman of all ethnicities with their road to recovery and healing processes. Young states, "According to the American Cancer Society about 230,500 women in the United States have been diagnosed with invasive breast cancer this year. Nearly 40,000 women are expected to die from this cancer this year. Only lung cancer causes more cancer deaths in women (Young, 2011, p. 1)". That is still a big number of women that do

Cancer is a leading cause of death and devastating experiences for patients’ family members and close friends. The disease undermines the emotional wellbeing of the survivors during and after treatment. It often affects the physical appearance and exposes the family members to financial constraints thereby leading to depression, reduced productivity at workplaces and many other social problems. However, the controversies over the causes of cancer continue to impact the awareness campaigns and the general population attitude towards treatment options. According to Thun, Linet, Cerhan, Haiman, and Schottenfeld (2017), many people believe that gene composition is the leading risk factor for cancer. In contrast, etiological studies have confirmed

Their study also concluded that “mutation carriers born after 1930 had a younger onset of breast and ovarian cancers than carriers born before 1930, which is in line with previous studies among BRCA1/BRCA2 carriers” (Santa Cruz Guindalini et al., 2016). The most common lifestyle risk factors that increase the breast cancer risk among woman born more recently are: changes in reproductive patterns, earlier age of first menstruation, increasing use of oral contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy, increasing consumption of calorie-dense food and alcohol, physical inactivity, and

The association between presence of risk factors and the development of Breast Cancer remains unclear. Main risk factors includes

The pairs of alternative traits examined segregated among the progeny of a particular cross, some individuals exhibiting one traits, some the other