Phage Lab Essay

Please answer these questions then place them in the drop box for this lab. Use Microsoft word if possible.

A blood experiment was performed testing four different patients blood to find out their specific blood types. Blood types are categorized in four blood groups based upon the antigen ( proteins on the surface of blood cells that can cause a response from the immune system) ("Rh factor" 2006) on the surface of the red blood cell. The blood groups are A, B, AB and O, names which are broken down from the ABO blood group system. Although simulated blood was used for the experiment a standard blood typing outcome was still obtained. After conducting the experiment I was able to identify each patients blood type by comparing the antigens and antibodies found within the blood.

1. Describe the function of the following pieces of safety equipment and how each might be used: (10 points)

Cellular respiration: C6H12O6  +  6O2 →  6CO2  +  6 H2O  +  36 or 38 ATP

|EMB Agar | |Distinguishes bacteria that ferment |Dark blue colonies with|E. coli and P. |

While trying to make MPI I ran out of my MTL. I had to go back to phage titer procedure in order to flood it and get MTL. I started off with normal phage titer procedure. I got an MTL. From that MTL I did several MPIs and those didn’t yield proper results. I ran out of my MTL and had to go back to the phage titer procedure. At this point, my plaques were not showing. So, I made little changes with my procedure where I picked up several plaques and using the original amount of PB (50µl). However, plaques still weren't showing up, so I decreased the amount of PB to 30µl. & continued to pick several plaques (instead of one plaque) in order to get a more concentrated 100 tube. It Resulted in some small plaques, but nothing even close to a web pattern.

Bacteriophage, or simply phage, are obligate intracellular viruses that invade bacterial cells and take over the cellular machinery to replicate their viral genome and create new viral progeny via lysis of the bacterial host cell (Buckling and Rainey 2002). Phage have been identified as the

At the start of the reversion experiment, 2 drops (0.1 mL) of E.coli B was added to all test tubes labeled B. The same volume (2 drops) of E.coli K was added to test tubes labeled K. All of the test tubes had 0.1 mL of a phage dilution added to their respectively labeled tubes. These test tubes were plated and incubated for 24 hours at 37 ° C and then 4 ° C for 6 days. The next lab period these plates were titered to record how often the mutation reverted to the wild type.

Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect and multiply only in bacterial cells. They are not capable of infecting eukaryotic cells (human, animal, fungus, plants and insects). Phages are the natural predators of bacteria. Like all viruses, phages hijack the energy and cellular machinery provided by a host cell to replicate and make viral copies since they do not have their own metabolism. Endolysin enzyme encoded in the bacteriophage genome lyse the peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall during the phage lytic cycle, releasing dozens or hundreds of new phages (7). The cycle continues until there are no bacteria left to attack. Since phages only attack specific types of bacteria, they are unlikely to harm any human cells. In addition,

Generalized transduction is the transfer of any portion of the bacterial genome, while specialized transduction is the transfer of only specific portions of the bacterial genome. Unlike generalized transduction, specialized transduction is only carried out by temperate phages in the lysogenic cycle. When a phage infects a bacterial cell, phage DNA enters the cell and integrates into a specific site of the host chromosome. When the prophage is induced to excise, an error sometimes occurs, resulting in a phage genome containing some bacterial DNA and viral DNA. Due to the 5-10% of the bacterial DNA next to the integration site coupled with the viral DNA, some of the viral DNA is lost making the bacteriophage unable to reproduce. When the next host is infected, the bacterial genes will be transferred, leading to a merozygote, which we also see in generalized transduction by the transfer of bacterial genes to bacterium. Different phages that infect E. coli can accurately describe both types of

The infection process of the T7 phage is generally the same as the two kinds of phages mentioned before. T7 phage also attaches the tail to the bacterium’s receptors and use lysozyme to degrade O or K antigens. This action creates an opening in the peptidoglycan cell wall and the genome is injected into the cell. A unique thing about the T7 phage is that it injects proteins that it injects proteins that help the replication of the viral genome and stops the duplication of the

Introduction: salmonellosis is an infectious disease that most often through contaminated food, especially food products derived from meat, chicken, eggs, pet food, milk and sometimes vegetables will be transferred. Antimicrobial resistance is a grave threat to global public health that can severely limit the choice of antibiotics to treat infectious disease. Given the pace of bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics even progress in the production of new classes of antibiotics can not create peace in the human medicine. Reports of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospitals there. Bacteriophages or simply phages, viruses that attack bacteria and kill them. These viruses are specific to bacteria and can not attack to eukaryotic cells. The primary objective of this study was to isolate and determination effective phage titer

To infect a host cell, the bacteriophage secures itself to the bacteria’s cell wall, precisely on a receptor found on the bacteria’s surface. When it becomes firmly bounded to the cell, the bacterial virus injects its genetic material (its nucleic acid) into the host cell. Relying on the form or group of phage, one of two cycles will occur; the lytic or lysogenic cycle. During a lytic cycle, the phage will make use of the host cell’s chemical energy along with its biosynthetic machinery in order to produce phage nucleic acids (phage DNA and phage mRNA) and phage proteins. Once the construction phase is complete, the phage nucleic acids and structural proteins are then brought together. After a while, certain proteins created within the cell

It was not until about a century ago that microbiologist Félix d’Herelle, discovered that phages can indeed help fight diseases; his experiment, isolating phages by passing feces through a filter, was used to help cure patients with dysentery (Kirby and Barr, 2013). The clear fluid was mixed with some bacteria named Shigell (Zimmer, 34). Little did he know that his work is the ground work for modern phage therapies (Kirby and Barr, 2013). d’Herelle had a probable thought that the phages do not kill their host (Kirby and Barr, 2013). To test the safety of phages, d’Herelle ingested them and injected them into his skin and confirmed no sicknesses occurred (Zimmer, 36). He was correct because today it is known that phages turn into prophages, which simply allows changes the host cells genome (Kirby and Barr, 2013); virus and host combine (Zimmer, 36). However, with recent research, uncertainty in the impacts of phage and host interaction have be discovered. It is not known how outside variables effect these interactions and that is why phage therapy should be taken with

In the year 1960 biologist Werner Arber was leading a research team studying the effects of radiation on microorganisms at the University of Geneva, Switzerland when a startling phenomenon sidetracked him. He was attempting to infect e Coli with a bacteriophage known as phage lambda when he observed that the virus was not spreading hardly at all (Arber, 1978). Arbers initial impulse was that this was an example of host-controlled modification, a phenomenon observed by biologists Joe Bertani and Jean Weilge seven years earlier. The term generally refers to the non-genetic modification of a virus by a cell. Knowing what was going on was not sufficient for Arber and he immediately began searching for the reason why (Arber 1978). During his period of research it was eventually shown that bacteria have evolved a defense against infectious, viral invaders called bacteriophages. The defense mechanism was an enzyme he found whose purpose is to degrade or modify