As shown in the above results finding a phage is not guaranteed. Even when using multiple different soil samples and different protocol to isolate a phage there is still chance you won’t find a phage. There were no phages present within any of the plates there are a lot of reasons why this might be. The main reason is probably because of possible errors such as removing from the aseptic zone which would prevent contamination or having improper techniques for top agar pouring which could also screw the data. A lot of the soil samples collected were very dense and when we got our enrichment medium soil mixture back from the shakers we did notice that our soil samples had not separated as much as other groups. This could have caused contamination …show more content…
Though antibiotics have been able to be used in the past to help treat and cure diseases resistance to most antibiotics is building up fast and medicine needs a new way to treat these diseases and many other issues. With the use of phage therapy this has become possible since phages attack specific bacteria it is unlikely that resistance issues will arise like with antibiotics. Also, unlike antibiotics you will most likely only need one low dose so it is most likely going to be more effective since there shouldn’t patient cooperation issues. Another advantage of using bacteriophages is that new phages are being discovered everyday leading to more breakthroughs in disease control, bacterial contamination, and many other issues. Though there are many advantages to using bacteriophages there are a few disadvantages. One disadvantage is that in order to prescribe phages doctors will need to have an extended amount of knowledge on the matter which may me that some doctors will choose not use them. Another disadvantage would be that phages have a very narrow host range means that’s in order to prescribe them you will need to know the specific host you are trying to infect which could me running a lot of test. Overall, so far the advantages out weight the disadvantages but there is still a lot more research that needs to be conducted but one thing that we can be sure of is that phages are changing the face of medicine and leading to extreme changes in the scientific
6. Humans should not be concerned about the bacteriophages infecting other cells because each bacteriophage is particular to a certain bacteria. If the bacterial cell exhibits traits that are desirable to the certain bacteriophage, then the phage will chose to bind and infect it, otherwise people have nothing to worry about.
Isolating and characterize a novel phage from the environment requires several steps and several frustrations. By isolating and investigating a phage found in the Pullman region can hopefully lead to a newly discovered phage that can help researchers discover more about the life cycle and process of phage infection. Some phage infection can be good due to infecting the bacteria that is not wanted or is harmful to the environment or humans. Within this lab, there were steps taken necessary to isolate a novel phage that was obtained from the surrounding Pullman area. This report reflects plaques being isolated but then stopped due to errors and loss of plates. The final touches and procedures were accomplished with a given DNA ladder that was
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the reversion rate and recombination rate of two mutant T4 bacteriophages, rII 29 and rII 31. Through recombination rate, the map unit between the two mutants was calculated.
The objective of this experiment was to identify two unknown bacteria from a mixed culture. Which was done by using the aseptic technique which was very important to avoid any contamination and keeping the workspace clean while culturing bacteria for different tests. To start, I chose a tube which had a solution of mixed culture. I used the flame to sterilize the inoculating loop and dipped it into the tube and streaked for isolation on 2 TSA plates and placed them in an incubator at 37 for 24 hours. Next day I observed the growth of 2 different types of colonies one for each unknown on the two plates. So I picked the best one and labeled it as master plate and discarded the other plate. From the master plate, I subcultured each type of colony
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are infections patients can acquire in a healthcare facility while being given medical care. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) website notes six major sites of infection that patients are at risk of acquiring while receiving care in acute care hospitals in the United States: pneumonia, gastrointestinal illness, urinary tract infections, primary bloodstream infections, surgical site infections from any inpatient surgery, and other types of infections. Their website recounts that as early as 1847 evidence is documented of persons acquiring infections while receiving care in a hospital. The website for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Service’s Agency for Healthcare Research
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a rare deadly infection that is caused by one of five identified strains of the Ebola virus.
I believe the bacteria in tube 30A is E. faecalis, and the bacteria in tube 29B is E. coli. For tube A, the DNase test yielded a negative result, with absolutely no clearing on the agar. Only three bacteria would produce a negative result: S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, and M. luteus. From there, I performed a catalase test, in hopes of attaining a negative result. The result of the catalase test was, in fact, negative. This eliminated both S. epidermidis and M. luteus because these bacteria would have yielded a positive result. The result of the catalase test was completely negative, as evidence by no bubbles being produced after the addition of a drop of hydrogen peroxide. For tube B, the first test I performed was a EMB plate test. The result
I saw bacteria growth on both two LB tube which was incubated at 250C and other at 370C. I used one tube for the further test, and the other was incubated at 40C to keep bacteria fresh and growth for other test. On the PEA plate, unknown bacteria did not growth, and on the EMB plate, bacteria had growth very strong. The result confirms one more time the unknown bacteria was gram negative because the PEA plate inhibited DNA synthesis of gram negative so bacteria could not grow on the PEA plate. On the other hand, EMB plate inhibited growth of gram positive so my unknown bacteria grew in this. After I recorded all my result, I continued to set up several test for the next day. Next, I set up PR fermentation test which include 3 broths glucose, sucrose, and lactose. I also set up PAD and Urea
While trying to make MPI I ran out of my MTL. I had to go back to phage titer procedure in order to flood it and get MTL. I started off with normal phage titer procedure. I got an MTL. From that MTL I did several MPIs and those didn’t yield proper results. I ran out of my MTL and had to go back to the phage titer procedure. At this point, my plaques were not showing. So, I made little changes with my procedure where I picked up several plaques and using the original amount of PB (50µl). However, plaques still weren't showing up, so I decreased the amount of PB to 30µl. & continued to pick several plaques (instead of one plaque) in order to get a more concentrated 100 tube. It Resulted in some small plaques, but nothing even close to a web pattern.
A total of 13 tests were performed on the unknown bacteria culture #1. Two tests were inconclusive and could not be used. The first test was simply the phenylethyl alcohol agar (PAA) to check for contamination because of its selectivity towards gram-positive bacteria. The alcohol in the agar penetrates the thin peptidoglycan wall of gram-negative bacteria, which results in a slowed and stopped growth. The mannitol salts agar (MSA) is a differential test due to the mannitol sugar. It also has high amounts of salt (7.5% NaCl). If the organism can ferment the sugar, and produce acid as a result, the phenol red pH indicator dye will turn yellow due to the acidic environment. If no change occurred, then it is a negative result meaning that the bacteria
I knew what the results meant and what test I needed to do next, but when I went to get my new media I asked for the wrong one and did not realize it until I was back at my table. This time I performed a lawn technique instead of a streak isolation using aseptic technique. I didn’t use a swab this time I used an inoculating loop to perform the test and the bacteria came from the T-soy plate inoculated on the first day. This test was performed using aseptic and proper disposal techniques. The plate was placed inverted in the incubation rack.
Pstart superscript, 32, end superscript, P, a radioactive isotope of phosphorous. Phosphorous is found in DNA and not in proteins, so only phage DNA (and not phage proteins) was radioactively labeled by this treatment.
Herald Courier is reporting that the Pan American Health Organization is warning of a surge in cholera cases due to widespread flooding caused by Hurricane Matthew.
Each test tube containing 9-ml of a dilution blank (distilled water) was aseptically inoculated with 1ml of Salmonella typhimurium phage. One test tube was a control that contained no phage and was diluted into a tube and poured on the plate. The first inoculation was the original phage suspension and from there we diluted it three more times in 9-ml dilution blank test tubes. Once the test tubes were inoculated .5-ml of each dilution was placed in soft agar tubes quickly, so that it would not solidify, and then were poured on the trypticase-soy agar plates. The TS agar plates were left to incubate for 6-10 hours. Once done incubating each plate was then counted to see how many plaques had formed on the bacteria lawn.
There are many differences between bacteriophages and bacterium. Bacteriophages (also known as phages) are viruses that are obligate intracellular parasites, therefore, need a specific host in order to for this virion to leave its dormant state. The bacterium serves as the host in which the virus inhabits, allowing for it to grow and replicate. According to the case study by Kari Mergenhagen, the virus also obtains and enormous size compared to the bacterium. It has special structures, such as, a protein coat (capsid) which is a nucleic acid genome. On the other hand, bacterium is not simply defined as being a host for phages. Bacterium is a microorganism which is unicellular, has cell walls, lacks of organelles and nucleus, and can reproduce