Phantom Limb Research Paper

The first article named “Phantom Limb Syndrome” goes more into details describing some symptoms that may occur on the amputees. The amputated limb can make them feel the sensation of stabbing, shooting, burning or piercing. They can also feel numbness, tickling or cramping. That is not all; the amputated limb can also make a person feel pleasure. There can be treatment for the phantom limb syndrome. After amputation it is very necessary to tell the doctor if there is any sensation or pain

Caffeine, sugars and many more provide energy by stimulating the central nervous system giving the body a sense of alertness. It can raise heart rate and

Over the years scientists have noted many complaints of a strange form of pain called phantom limb pain. This pain is strange because it is located in an appendage that no longer exists. By many of the amputees the pain is described as totally unbearable. Phantom limb pain has even driven some victims crazy. For the amputee population this is a very real problem that definitely needs to be solved.

The phantom limb pain the woman is experiencing is described as a painful condition of the amputated limb after the stump has completely healed. It is a chronic pain that occurs in more than 80% of amputees especially those who suffered pain in the limb before the amputation. Theories suggest that phantom limb pain results from redevelopment or hyperactivity of cut peripheral nerves, scar tissue or neuroma formation in the cut peripheral nerves, spinal cord deafferentation, and alterations in the thalamus and cortex. More so, the CNS integration, which involves reorganization and plastic modifications of the somatosensory cortex, effects the receptors in perceiving the pain of the amputated limb despite of the limb itself being absent. In addition,

There have been investigations into phantom limb pain and Jensen found that about seventy two percent of reported feeling pain eight days after they had an amputation, not only that but he also found that six months after the amputation sixty eight percent of amputees reported pain that never went away in relation to their amputated body part (Katz). There are many theories as to why people who have had to have procedures to amputate a body part in order to relive them from the pain still experience that same pain they did before the body part was amputated. Two reasons that have been discussed as to why these people still feel pain are due to central factor and peripheral

With conflicting research and hardly valid data, to say that phantom limb syndrome is solely caused based on psychogenic mechanism of the patient is inaccurate. More recent research has strongly suggested peripheral mechanism to also be a factor in phantom limb syndrome. Once amputation of a limb or part of a limb is performed, a neuroma is created. Neuromas result from a trauma to the nerve and are typically formed on the site of an inquired sensory nerve, forming a knot in the area. The knot is mainly composed of axons that can no longer reconnect to the rest of the nerve cells due to amputation . These neuromas are the site where increased excitability due to an increased accumulation of molecules (recent research, scientist are not quite

The earliest hypothesis regarding the cause of phantom limbs and pain was that of neuromas. These were thought to be nodules comprised of remaining nerves located at the end of the stump. These neuromas presumably continued to generate impulses that traveled up the spinal cord to portions of the thalamus and somatosensory domains of the cortex. As a result, treatment involved cutting the nerves just above the neuroma in an attempt to interrupt signaling at each somatosensory level (5). This and other related theories were deemed unsatisfactory because of the fact the phantom pain always returned, indicating that there was a more complex reason.

There are many ways to treat Phantom limb pain, but the few that can possibly relieve pain for the patient. Those include Injection of pain killing medications, anesthetics or steroids into the stump which can then provide relief, brain stimulation can also provide relief depending on the individual and there’s nerve stimulation and if used properly can relieve pain because it interrupts or masks pain signals and prevents it from reaching your brain, but this can only provide temporary relieve just like most of these treatments. Depending on the individual these treatments can help relieve pain but each person is

Firstly, when drinking caffeinated drinks or anything that contains it the caffeine goes through the blood stream and directly to the brain. When we drink coffee, caffeine binds to our brain's adenosine receptors, stopping the chemical from binding with the receptors and making us tired. For the ones who regularly drink coffee in plentiful amounts, their brains develop more adenosine receptors, so it takes more coffee to keep us awake. That explains also why when we try to lay off the coffee a tad its very tiring to us because, were so use to that adenosine going to the brain. Whenever you’re awake, a chemical called adenosine slowly accumulates in your brain.

To understand the factors that causing the pain in phantom limb the underlying basic of anatomy and physiology must be well known first. The phantom limb pain at first was taught just to be a result of psychiatric illness. However, research after research was done to justify the theory behind the mechanism that causes the phantom limb. Multiple mechanism theory was suggested which involve peripheral mechanism, central mechanism and psychogenic

Sacks discussed the ideas behind the phantom limb and how they affected many peoples live. The most interesting story was about a sailor that accidentally cut off his index finger. For forty years he thought he would poke himself in the eye whenever he moved his hand to his face. One day he lost the feeling in his entire hand including his phantom finger and his problem was cured (Sacks 66-67). Up to 70 percent of amputees confirmed that they still feel or still thought a missing limb was there. They often feel that they can reach out and grab something. Some won't sleep in a certain way because they feel the missing limb between them and the mattress. The sensations felt stem from the activity of the sensory axons

Many of us find ourselves drinking a freshly brewed cup of coffee, an ice cold soft drink, a hot cup of tea, or an energy drink whether it be in the morning, afternoon, or in the night but one thing is that they all share a common ingredient: Caffeine

Many of us find ourselves drinking a freshly brewed cup of coffee, an ice-cold soft drink, a hot cup of tea, or an energy drink whether it be in the morning, afternoon, or in the night but one thing is that they all share a common ingredient: Caffeine

Ever stay up late studying for a test or exam and wake up exhausted? Or just experienced a long day and need an extra boost? Many people believe caffeine is the answer to anyone’s drained state of being. Healthline.com explains that, “Caffeine reaches your brain quickly and acts as a central nervous system stimulant.” Caffeine is commonly referred to the most widely used drug on the planet, so the next question is which caffeine-filled product is the most efficient? It is widely debated whether energy drinks or coffee can provide the best balance of caffeine, flavor, and other ingredients, but after researching, I have come to conclude coffee is superlative in all aspects.

The “energy” it means that that drink gave us power to get up and do things. It energizes us so we can accomplish something. The biological definition of energy is the strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity Caffeine, sugars and many more provide energy by stimulating the central nervous system giving the body a sense of alertness. It can raise heart rate and blood pressure while dehydrating the body. First, from what it understand the amount of caffeine is 100-200 mg more than soda or the average cup of coffee. Energy drinks also contain something that our body produces called: Taurine. Taurine increases and helps level out energy levels thru out our bodies again, our bodies are designed to do this naturally but this isn’t safe to do on a daily basis. Among other things sugar, B12 and other ingredients.