Pharmaceutical Companies Are Entering Into Public Private Partnerships

The case consists of two major pharmaceutical companies that joint to collaborate their research and pharmaceutical technologies to start a joint venture in India. Both have valuable resources that have benefited both companies during the joint venture. Now both are questioning if there is still any value in maintaining the joint venture in India and will be deciding what will be the best route to take. Ranbaxy Laboratories wants to be bought out, but Eli Lilly is worried of the financial implications of such move.

If a health clinic providing basic services to the world’s most vulnerable people is withheld the large amount of foreign assistance that currently comes from the United States government, all diseases will flourish, including epidemics such as Zika and Ebola (Barry-Jester, 2016). We contribute to more unstable political environments (Crimm, 2007, p.615) and more refugees that we increasingly refuse to help when we take away aid that would countries meet the needs of their citizens.

I think Big Pharma companies skew their data very regularly. Although this is not ethical, it's practiced in this field because there is a certain probability calculated as it relates to side effects and ineffectiveness. For instance when we take Tylenol as a child we eventually become tolerant to the dosage. As we get older we need to increase the dosage even more than is advertised to get relief. The Pharma companies do not advertise that ALL pills have a toxicity level and will affect our organs at some point in time. Each pill is tested for toxicity levels before being released to the public. With that said, these companies take on a certain amount of acceptable risk when producing medication. The public has accepted this risk with

Eli Lilly entered into a joint venture with Ranbaxy in India in 1992. A decade later both must decide whether this relationship remains mutual beneficial. Both companies have enjoyed a strong working relationship with identical value system as well as strong growth.

In addition, diseases such as Hookworm and Malaria–brought to Latin America through colonisation and slavery–cause economic problems to this day. According to Hausmann (2009): “countries at a high risk of malaria grow 0.6 per cent slower than countries free from malaria”. Exports can be affected such as during the Cholera outbreak in Peru in 1991 which cost the fishing industry $800 million (Hausmann, 2009). It also increases healthcare costs and reduces worker productivity (Hausmann, 2009). Presently, resistance means that cheap medications for treatment of and protection from malaria are becoming less effective (Gallup et al., 2003, p.135). As

Farmer addresses the issues of the outbreak of diseases in prisons and receives a grant from the World Bank to supply medicine and extra food to sick prisoners. It is not long after this that the organization that Farmer is most associated with, Partners in Health, receives a grant for 45 million dollars. This money would serve to help fight MDR-TB in Peru, curing at least four out of every five

drastic and, as the disease mainly strikes the poorest parts of Africa, the costs of tending to or

Interdisciplinary work is crucial for tackling NTDs because it provides various areas of study to enact and treat tropical diseases, while also considering other perspectives. In the video "The One Health Initiative", it is mentioned that infectious diseases are zoonotic, foodborne, vectorborne, and waterborne. With these diseases emerging from varying sources, it is essential to have support for all areas of tropical disease. The speaker in The One Health Initiative video also cited the 2008 ASM meeting, where the disciplines of veterinary practice and human health found many connecting links in diseases between animals and humans. I believe that different educational backgrounds that treat already diseases have much more power in union, than

This paper explores the federal legislative process, specifically in regards to House of Representatives’ Bill 1797 (H.R. 1797), formally known as the End Neglected Tropical Diseases Act. Information in regards to the legislative bill and process, including current and relevant legislative actions, proposed intent, and relevance to the fields of health care and nursing are examined and reviewed. The bill investigates the importance of education, research, and development of programing by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in regards to seventeen Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), as identified by the World Health Organization (WHO), and other rare, life-threatening diseases found throughout the world. As Representative Christopher Smith of New Jersey sponsors and defends enactment of the bill, information in regards to the relevance of Neglected Tropical Diseases in comparison to current health care concerns are reviewed. While the bill has failed in a previous Congressional Session, it is necessary to support the enactment of this and related legislature in order to not only protect the general public, but those healthcare professionals caring for individuals affected by these diseases.

Unfortunately, for individuals in the developing world resources are lacking. It is individuals in these situations that are extremely vulnerable to potential exposure. Climate change is also impacting disease transmission. Large environmental areas are shrinking due to urban sprawl which is leading to increased populations density’s, increased pathogen load, decreased distributions, and a greater prevalence of disease (Mills, Gage, Khan, 2010). Thus, larger numbers of individuals are living in close proximity of disease vectors.

Soper’s participation in the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation (66). The Rockefeller Foundation was a pioneer in international eradication, evidenced in its belief in the potential eradication of yellow fever in Brazil in the 1930s. Despite the investment of 10,000 public health workers and $10,000,000, the Rockefeller Foundation “slowly came to understand that yellow fever was not the kind of disease that could ever be eradicated from the face of the earth” (67). However, Stepan stipulates that these sort of massive investments would have been better directed towards broader public health reforms rather than targeting the eradication of a single disease. Though under the guise of international improvement, this effort was the interest of the US, which Stepan refers to as ‘defensive internationalism’.

Malaria or other similar diseases like malaria has been recognized and encountered by humans for more than 4,000 years. Malaria is caused by the genus Plasmodium parasites, which enter the human body and are transmitted to people through the bite of a mosquito infected with the parasite (Q&A, Malaria). Once the parasite enters the human body, the parasites multiply in the liver and then infect red blood cells. The malaria parasite was first discovered on November 6, 1880, by a French army surgeon named Charles Louis Al phonse Laveran. While stationed in

Yes, there is an impact on the pharmaceutical company, like those in the US as a result of differential prices between that country and other nations.

“More than one billion people, one-sixth of the world’s population, suffer from one or more Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)” (“Neglected Tropical Diseases”). NTDs or Neglected Tropical Diseases affect all low-income countries, due to the fact that they are unable to afford the treatment it takes to deal with the diseases. It is often neglected due to the fact that larger, more globally impactful diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria are being widely recognized. Although these diseases are significant to all countries of the world, NTDs still have devastating effects on millions of people every day. The fact that there are neglected diseases less funded and recognized than certain global diseases is a human rights violation.

310). Because of India’s history of monsoon weather this helps spread typhoid fever throughout the continent. Similar to most of the tropical diseases of infectious origin, seasonal pattern in distribution of the monsoon weather showed maximum cases during early summer and monsoons (Banerje et al,. 2014, p. 311). Studies from other parts of the country have reported increased cases of typhoid fever during these periods of the year because this lead to increase contaminates in the water. In the United States, the majority of typhoid fever cases happen to travelers that visit developing countries. Additionally, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention received report forms for 2445 cases of typhoid fever from 1985 to 1994. Six countries accounted for 80% of cases: Mexico (28%), India (25%), the Philippines (10%), Pakistan (8%), El Salvador (5%), and Haiti (4%) (Mermin, Townes, Gerber, Dolan, Mintz, & Tauxe, 1994, p. 633). However, the percentage of cases associated with visiting Mexico decreased from 46% in 1985 to 23% in 1994, while the percentage of cases associated with visiting the Indian subcontinent increased from 25% in 1985 to 37% in 1994 (Mermin et al., 1994, p. 633). The number of incidences of typhoid fever for United State citizens traveling to the Indian subcontinent was eighteen times higher than for any other geographic regions. Above all, that