Pharmaceutical Treatment Options For The Treatment Of Type 2 Diabetes Essay

The American Diabetes Association (2004) defines diabetes as a subset of metabolic diseases associated with hyperglycemia secondary to insulin failing to release, act, or both. Complications related to chronic diabetes can be detrimental to one’s health including but not limited to: heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, amputations, blindness, and other optical diseases. Furthermore, the prevalence of diabetes is rising at an astronomical rate within the United States as well as internationally. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2016) an estimated 29 million people suffer with diabetes and 86 million are prediabetic within the United States (US). Without major interventions from the healthcare community,

Everybody knows that obesity is a big factor in developing type-2 diabetes, and that part of coping with this metabolic disorder is lifestyle change. If blood glucose does not go down, then medicines are introduced. Some type-2 diabetics even have to administer insulin in order to keep their blood glucose levels

Furthermore, with the pharma logical treatments included in this article for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes, many individuals will be prevented from developing CVD complications. Studies have shown the importance of patients being compliant with treatment leading to positive health outcomes. With the continued care given to these patients with Type 2 Diabetes many are able to have healthier lifestyles

Type-2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common disease worldwide. According to the American Diabetes association (ADA), 1808 million people in the United States have been diagnosed with diabetes, and another 7 million are thought to have the disease but have not been diagnosed. (Hilaire, Woods, 2013). This disease has impacted everyone in some way. It is a controllable disease; however many individuals choose not to control it or are uneducated on how to control it. Many people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) also have hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, lack of physical activity, poorly controlled blood sugars, and smoking. “Current evidence supports the concept that hyperglycemia significantly contributes to the development of both cardiovascular and microvascular complications of T2DM” (Chittari, McTernan, 2011). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus, accounting for 50% of all deaths (Campbell & Hillman, 2010).

Type II diabetes mellitus (DM), also referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes, is a relative, rather than absolute, deficiency of insulin (ADA, 2004). It is global problem and has been identified as one of the “most challenging contemporary threats to public health” (Schauer et al., 2012). One is at risk for developing type II diabetes if they are overweight, over the age of 45, have a relative with type II diabetes, are sedentary, gave birth to a baby over 9 pounds, or had gestational diabetes (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016).

Considerable advances in the past treatment of type II diabetes include the application of lifestyle intervention and prevention efforts aimed at delaying development of glucose intolerance in order to evade diabetes and the progression of new curricula of glucose in the blood-lowering prescriptions to appendage current treatments (DeFronzo, 2010) (Mazzola, 2012). Presently, the control and maintenance of type II diabetes centres on control of glucose by the decrease of haemoglobin and glucose in the blood (DeFronzo, 2010). Current treatment strategies focus on the progression of therapeutic factors that affect the defects contributing to type II diabetes and thus, provide sustainable glucose control through a delaying of disease development

A clinical study placed in the package insert for Jardiance (empagliflozin) compared a 25mg and 10mg dose of empagliflozin to a placebo. Like the canagliflozin study, it was designed to determine how effective empagliflozin was at lowering blood glucose levels for patients on Metformin. This study evaluated 637 Type 2 diabetic patients who took a certain dose for 24 weeks. Empagliflozin 10mg given orally once per day decreased A1c from a baseline of 7.9% by 0.7% and the 25mg dose decreased A1c from a baseline of 7.9% by 0.8%. The 10mg dose

Type 2 diabetes is considered as the most common form of diabetes affecting many individuals. This is a condition that is associated with a high buildup of sugar content in the blood stream. It is accompanied by symptoms such as constant hunger, fatigue, lack of energy and frequent urination. At milder levels, the symptoms become severe and lead to the death of an individual. In the United States, it has been rated as one of the leading causes of death. Importantly, it also increases the rate of the cardiovascular disease once an individual has been reported to have such symptoms. The cardiovascular diseases lead to a greater rate of complications in patients with type two diabetes and hence loss of life. Due to this reason, researchers have focused more on the development of appropriate drugs to enhance treatment of the condition. Importantly, the fact that it is a big challenge to the medical sector critical evaluation of all possible types of treatment is vital. Therefore, the article on “semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes” offers beneficial knowledge to the healthcare sector.

A meta-analysis of large randomised trials (CONTROL) showed that more intensive blood glucose control (average difference between intensive and standard care groups 9mmol/mol (0.9%)) showed some reduction in cardiovascular (CV) outcomes, mainly by a reduced risk of myocardial infarction (MI). The number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one CV event is 119 (compared with NNT for blood pressure reduction of 34, and management of cholesterol of 44), hence the need to ensure that these patients have optimally managed blood pressure and cholesterol prior to adding in GLP-1 analogues for which we do not have evidence of patient oriented outcomes.

Diabetes is a disease in which blood glucose levels are above normal. There are three types of diabetes: type I (previously called “insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus”), type II (previously called “non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus”, and gestational diabetes which is diagnosed during the second or third trimester of pregnancy).

Diabetes mellitus type 2, also know as type 2 Diabetes or noninsulin dependent diabetes, is a disease that effects the body systemically. Type 2 diabetes is a disorder in which cells become resistant to insulin and can no longer bind it properly to reduce blood sugar. The result of this is elevated glucose levels in the circulating blood that leads to endothelial injury in all regions of the body. Primary damages occur in the kidneys, cardiovascular, and digestive systems. According to “Annual Number of New Cases of Diagnosed Diabetes Among Adults” (2015), the overall incidence of type 2 diabetes was approximately 1.4 million new cases. From previous years this number has decreased; however, it can be further lowered with proper education, change in the Western diet, and increase in physical activity. In 2012 approximately 27.7 million Americans were living with Type 2 diabetes. The cumulative cost of care for American diabetes patients was 245 billion dollars, which encompasses medical treatment cost and the patients’ inability to work, ultimately resulting in decreased personal production (“Statistics About Diabetes”, n.d.). As exemplified by the National Institutes for Health (2015), “Diabetes is a lifelong disease and there is no cure.” Even though no cure is present, lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, play a role in self-regulation of blood glucose levels.

Diabetes type 2 is a well-known disorder in America. It’s becoming one of the leading causes of premature morbidity and death worldwide. At Florida Hospital Diabetes and Translational Research Institute, Pratley (2013) stated that the prevalence of diabetes will continue to grow. It’s been estimated that by 2030 approximately 552 million adults will be affected mostly due to the growing of diabetes in developing countries. In the US alone, the number of people suffering from diabetes has drastically increased in the last 20 years because of the population being overweight or obese (Pratley, 2013). Those who are older in age, obese, have a family history of diabetes and lack of exercise have a higher chance of having it. The sooner people find

The clinical development program of dapagliflozin was aimed to inspect then efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin majorly in patients of T2DM. The program comprised of both controlled-placebo and standard-of-care active comparator studies. Moreover, the program of development comprised of a large patients proportion on insulin-based treatments.

Canagliflozin is prescribed to patients with type 2 diabetes.1 The medication along with proper diet and frequent exercise will improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.1 Canagliflozin is in the class of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor.1,2 This medication reduces reabsorption of filtered glucose by lowering the threshold of glucose and increasing the amount of glucose that will be excreted.2

To examine the efficacy and safety of insulin and other pharmacological interventions for lowering glucose-lowering levels in patients with diabetics and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).