Pharmacodynamics (Drug Receptors)

Dosages of the drug vary from one extreme to another based upon the patients needs.

Rectal-Administering drugs into the rectum are then become absorbed into the blood vessels and taken into the body.

Absorption – “How the drugs enter the circulation process through the body, and how they resist general breakdown by the stomach, liver, and the intestines”. Some of the factors that affect the absorption of drugs in the body is as follows, “acidity of the stomach, Physiochemical properties, Presence of food in the stomach or intestine, and Routes of administration”,

Pharmacokinetics "is the way a drug is absorbed, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (pg. 749 Treas)

(0/1)2.3 describe the common adverse reactions to medication, how each can be recognised and the appropriate action(s) required

breakdown of drugd within the body and the characteristic interactions of a drug in terms of its

Topical drugs such as patches, ointment, and cream are applied directly on the skin and can be absorbed fast or with a delayed action. The term pharmacokinetics is the study of the movement of the drug in the human’s body. This includes the site of absorption (movement of drug from entry to tissue), how it is distributed (movement in the circulatory system to intended destination), how it is metabolized (break down in the liver), and excretion (elimination from the body). This unit also described the term half-life, which is how long the human body takes to break down a drug, absorb and excrete it and short half-life, which are medications excreted by the body quicker than long half-life drugs. The term pharmacodynamics is any of the changes in the patient’s body resulting from the medicine taken. It is highly important for the patient to know of the used drug’s side effects (unintended effects), adverse effects (unintended effects that can be harmful), and any possibilities of allergic reactions (most severe adverse response of a

Pharmacokinetics (PK): Well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolised in the liver and excreted in the urine. 1-2,4 The average PK parameters of DVS with once-daily dosing are1,4:

I must admit that playing the pharmacology game is helping me to understand the different classes of medications and the difference between adverse effects and side effects so we can keep our patients safe and cut down on medical errors.

Even if levels are low one day, they may be high the next day in the same woman.

Protein tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the γ phosphate of ATP to tyrosine residues on protein substrates. Phosphorylation of proteins by kinases is an important mechanism in signal transduction and regulating cellular activity, such as cell division. Tyrosine phosphorylation is a key covalent modification that occurs in multicellular organisms as a result of intercellular communication during embryogenesis and maintenance of adult tissues. Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues modulates enzymatic activity and creates binding sites for the recruitment of downstream signaling proteins [2].

This signaling cascade starts with an extracellular ligand (most likely a growth factor or cytokine) binding to JAK receptors which causes dimerization3. The JAK receptor monomers are bound to inactive JAK (Janus kinase which is a tyrosine kinase therefore, it only phosphorylates tyrosine residues) but when dimerized JAK is activated and trans-phosphorylates the receptor which leads to protein recruitment2,3. This is an example of a writer protein (JAK) add a PTM (phosphate) onto another protein (JAK receptor) and as a result, moves the pathway forward by recruiting other proteins. JAK also phosphorylates the recruited proteins including a transcription factor called STAT3. Once active, STAT dimerizes with another activated STAT protein then enters the nucleus3. Dimerization occurs via the SH2 (Src Homology 2) domain which can recognize and bind to phosphotyrosines3. This is an example of a reader protein domain (SH2) recognizing and binding to a PTM (phosphate) on another protein (STAT) and as a result, moves the pathway forward by causing dimerization. Then the dimer binds to specific gene elements to influences

Pharmacodynamics is the study of how a drug reacts on a living organism. Pharmacodynamics with pharmacokinetics helps explain the relationship between the

Drug research is connected to a range of academic studies such as biology, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry and toxicology. Pharmaceutical researchers can design novel therapeutic drugs based on these studies above. The invention of new drug can be divided by function into two stages: drug discovery and drug development. Drug discovery is the process by which a new drug candidate is found and identified. Distinctively, bringing a new drug candidate to the market through clinical trials is called drug development. The first part of this essay provides an overview of drug discovery and pre-clinical research and development

Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology that seeks to understand drugs and how they affect the body. It involves the analysis of how drugs interact with the biological function of the body and how these drugs react with each other, their natures, and their properties. All drugs are considered chemicals and when ingested into the body an affect from the drug takes place. According to Doweiko (1999), “A drug is essentially a foreign chemical that is introduced into the individual’s body to bring about a specific desired response. There are many forms of drugs and how these drugs are administered in the body determines the kind of result that will take place. The Central Nervous System, (CNS) plays a major role in how these