Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interaction of aqueous extract of Cassia auriculata L. leaves and Metformin in rats.

The current study demonstrates that diabetic group induces a decrease in body growth rate during the experimental period studied as compared to control group. The decrease in body weight in diabetic rats could be due to dehydration and catabolism of fats and proteins. Such results are in agreement with previous studies[ , ]. However, group III showed increase in body weight that renders them to near the normal control group. The increase in body weight of glibenclamide treated rats may be due to increase insulin secretion or increase food consumption. Also, oral administration of Ch.t extract for eight weeks to diabetic rats increased their food consumption and improved body weight. This could be due to a better control

Diabetes is a very common chronic medial disorder and expected to be a big medical challenge of the twenty first century (Clark, 2004). It is a condition, in which the glucose level in the blood becomes so high that the body is unable to utilize it properly. This long-term condition results when the pancreas of the victim is either not able to produce enough insulin (sometimes even cannot produce any insulin) or the insulin produced cannot work properly. Diabetes is divided into two main types: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1, also known as insulin dependent diabetes milletus (Masharani, 2008) cannot be prevent while Type 2 can be prevented but if the patient is at pre-diabetes stage.

Male AP+ Tg Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighing 350-450 g will be used in this study. There will be a total of 40 rats which will be divided into four groups with ten in each group. Adult DRG from C1 to L1 will be dissected from rats ≥ 8 weeks of age using standard techniques.

This paper aims to provide the gaps in our understanding of the Type 2 Diabetes by examining the functions of the pancreas in controlling the sugar levels in the human body and enhance our ability to distinguish the anatomy of the human pancreas. The author also attempts a better understanding of the function of insulin and glucagon hormones in the pancreatic process. It is hoped that this paper will inform those who do not have the understanding and knowledge about the signs and symptoms, causes, treatments, care and prevention of the Type 2 Diabetes.

Hops are most commonly associated with beer, however, hops have a long history of different uses in the field of herbal medicines and botanical treatment. With the different uses of hop extracts such as, xanthohumol, isoxanthohumol and 8-Prenylnaringenin, could hops pose as a new botanical treatment option for many medical issues and diseases?

The test subjects of this experiment are sixty male Wistar rats [1]; they are bred and will be kept under a normal light-dark cycle. They will be kept in cages that are at a constant temperature of 25 °C. Water and food will be provided to them for the length of this experiment. Before commencing the experiment, the rats are allowed a week to become accustomed to the facility. After they have become 8 weeks of age, the rats are randomly placed in two groups, one that is exposed to a 12 hour light: 12 hour dark cycle (n=30 per group) and another that is exposed to a 12 hour light:12 hour dim light cycle (n=30 per group). The rats will be examined under experimental lighting for 3 weeks. The intensity of the light will be measured using a Traceable Dual Display light meter [1].

Group II: Diabetic control rats. Received daily i.p injection of freshly prepared alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg b.w) dissolved in saline solution for five consecutive days.

Adult mice between 8–24 weeks of age were used and handled in accordance with the IACUC

The animal experiment was approved by the University of Calgary Animal Care Committee (#AC12–0033). 32 male Sprague Dawley rats were ordered when they were 10 days old (Charles River, Montreal, QC, Canada) and randomized into treatment groups after a two-week adaptation interval. The four treatment groups were as follows (n=8): 1. Control (CON, animals fed ad libitum diet) 2. 75% restriction group (75%, animals fed 75% of the diet consumed by the control animals) 3. 50% restriction group (50%, animals fed 50% of the diet consumed by the control animals) 4. 50% restriction group and then switched to ad libitum diet after two weeks (50% +CON). The rats weighted ~80g when housed individually in metabolic cages of the Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring

In total, fifty-two newly weaned Long-Evans (Rattus Norvegicus) were ordered from Harlan Industries (Indianapolis, IN, USA). Only twenty-four of these animals were used for this study. The rats were pair housed according to coping profile in cages, 48 cm x 26 cm x 21 cm. The cages were set up with corncob bedding, food (Harlan rodent chow), and water available ad libitum. They were kept under standard housing conditions with a 12-hour light/dark cycle. Animals were maintained in strict accordance with the Randolph-Macon College Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

Reactive hypoglycemia, a rare form of hypoglycemia, increases insulin levels after the consumption of excess carbohydrates, leading to a drop in blood glucose levels. This differs from conventional hypoglycemia where blood glucose drops several hours after a meal, but can easily be returned to normal by the consumption of food. Reactive hypoglycemia can cause fatigue, dizziness, shakiness, and in extreme cases, a coma. Although no effective treatments exist, glucagon, a peptide hormone derived from pancreatic alpha cells, seems to reduce symptoms. In the proposed experiment, the effectiveness of glucagon relative to a regimen of dietary control, exercise, and Acarbose will be tested on Zucker-diabetic-fatty (ZDF) rats (Rattus rattus). Three

Diabetes is a disorder which millions of people in the United States suffer from. It occurs as a result of a lot of sugar in the blood for a long time. It is classified into three types which are type 1; type 2 and gestational diabetes which develop in women during the last trimester of their pregnancy. The cause of diabetes is unknown but some factors such as heredity, obesity and problems with cells located in the pancreas could contribute to this disease. A key issue for diabetics is the sugar contents and they must try as much as possible to know the sugar contents of protein, carbohydrate and fat. The reason is to regulate the amount of sugar in the bloodstream such that it can be managed effectively.

Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (weighing 280–300g) (n=90) ) from the animal laboratory of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, were used for the experiments. Animals were provided standard laboratory rodent food and water ad libitum and were housed in a temperature-controlled environment of 23±2oC and a relative humidity of 45±10% on a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle. All animals did not get additional exercise and were allowed for normal activities in a cage with dimensions of 65×45×30 cm. There is no exercise protocol during the study period. Animal experiments were performed in accordance with the internationally accredited guidelines, and have been approved by the author’s institutional Animal Care and Use

the present study was conducted to determine the effects of different durations of hyperglycaemia on behavioural and cognitive parameters in young streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Swiss albino mice weighing 20-25 g were collected from Central Animal House, Dr. Raja Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu. The animals were fed with normal mice chow and water ad libitum in air-controlled room with constant 12 hours of dark light schedule, room temperature (24±2 ºC) and 60 - 70 % humidity. The experimental work was done as per the rules and regulations of Animal Ethical Committee, Government of India.