`` Pharmacokinetics Of Vancomycin On Adult Cancer Patients `` Written By Al Kofide Etal

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or more commonly, MRSA, is an emerging infectious disease affecting many people worldwide. MRSA, in particular, is a very interesting disease because although many people can be carriers of it, it generally only affects those with a depressed immune system; this is why it is so prevalent in places like nursing homes and hospitals. It can be spread though surgeries, artificial joints, tubing, and skin-to-skin contact. Although there is not one specific treatment of this disease, there are ways to test what antibiotics work best and sometimes antibiotics aren’t even necessary.

Antibiotics, composed of microorganisms such as streptomycin and penicillin, kill other infectious microorganisms in the human body. At one point, antibiotics were considered to have “basically wiped out infection in the United States”, but due to their overuse and evolutionary

Cultures are an effective way of guiding the Infectious Disease specialist to which antibiotics that are to be used to treat the patient with MRSA by looking at the type of strain that the patient has. The culture can also be tested for susceptibility to a variety of antibiotics. Surgery may be required to debride and drain the pus filled skin from the infected area, while antibiotics, such as vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, clindomycin (as well as many other sulfa drugs and tetracyclines) could be prescribed to help eradicate the infection. Some antibiotics that are used to treat MRSA are only available intravenously. Unfortunately, some high-powered antibiotics are developing resistance to MRSA infections. Because of this, Vancomycin is no longer a sure treatment for MRSA due to questions surrounding its effectiveness. Patients that are prescribed antibiotics should never stop taking their antibiotics, even if they are starting to feel better. These infections are extremely dormant and are prone to reoccur if they develop resistance to the

Gram-Negative infections are a major cause of mortality in the hospital, intensive care unit and healthcare system. For years the Carbapenems have been a major last line player in eliminating infections. Carbapenem resistance is now increasing. Two drugs Avycaz and Zerbaxa are available to fight against those microbes with Carbapenem resistance. The newly approved combination drug Avycaz is composed of Ceftazidime and Avibactam. Ceftazidime is a 3rd generation cephalosporin. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the penicillin binding protein. Avibactam is a non- Beta lactam Beta Lactamase Inhibitor. It is essential in increasing the

Tetracyclines and erythromycin are the most commonly used oral antimicrobials. In many cases, long-term treatment is needed to maintain remission. The long-term use of antimicrobials is not well tolerated, however, because of side-effects, including gastrointestinal intolerance,

A Studies done at MNH and MC found high SSI (Akoko et al., 2012)(Mawalla, Mshana, Chalya, Imirzalioglu, & Mahalu, 2011).This is contrary to another study at KCMC which showed low SSI rate(Kitembo & Chugulu, 2013)

severe adverse reaction or intolerance to oral vancomycin which resulted in the discontinuation of therapy,6,7

The infection Vancomycin–resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (VRSA) is an infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic Vancomycin. It is one of the most common nosocomial infections.

After informed consent was obtained, participants with history of allergy to penicillin were assigned to the vancomycin group (Group 1). An equal number of patients were selected at random and assigned to the control group (Group 2). Information gathered from patients included date of birth, sex, history of drug allergy and systemic diseases, medication use and surgeon. Patients in Group 1 received an intracameral injection of vancomycin (1 mg in 0.1 ml), whereas those in Group 2 received an intracameral injection of cefuroxime (1 mg in 0.1 ml). Vancomycin injection was prepared from the commercially available vancomycin

One example of a biological agent that has become more prevalent in the hospital setting is vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE). One of the major concerns as a pharmacist who is responsible for the pharmacokinetic and therapeutic drug monitoring in addition to dosing of certain antibiotics within the hospital setting is the resistance of certain bacteria. VRE is one of these resistant strains of bacteria that require expensive alternative antibiotics and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates (Bartholomew,

Drain the infection. Antibiotics. For skin and soft tissue infection, treat with rifampicin. Vancomycin is usually given for life-threatening infections orally or intravenously.

The critical values for the drug level are an abnormal value which higher or lower than therapeutic values. These values can cause drug toxicity to patients and required immediate attention from physicians. Critical values are always reported by telephone which the problems and obstacles are unknown action and utilization. The data of critical values reporting in 2005 showed that vancomycin hasd been reported the most. The purpose of this pilot study is to determine the rate of use of the critical values reporting system and to identify the incidence of false positive critical values of vancomycin level.

Antimicrobial activity may be reduced significantly in pus, which contains phagocytes, cellular debris, and proteins that can bind or create conditions unfavorable to drug action. Low pH, characteristic of the fluid in abscesses and in other confined infected sites (pleural space, CSF, and urine), and anaerobic conditions can reduce the antimicrobial activity of some agents markedly, particularly the aminoglycosides. In addition, penetration of antimicrobial agents into infected areas such as abscess cavities can be impaired because the vascular supply is reduced. Incision and drainage is thus the preferred method for successful therapy of abscesses. The presence of a foreign body in an infected site markedly reduces the likelihood of successful antimicrobial therapy and it is virtually impossible to treat such infections without removing the foreign

In patients with previous methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, adding vancomycin or teicoplanin should be considered.18,19

C. xerosis can be treated by the use of antibiotics such as penicillin, erythromycin, rifamycin, and tetracycline. Penicillin affects the cell wall synthesis by disruption the cell wall, which leads to cell lysis. Rifamycin targets nucleic acid synthesis by inactivating bacterial RNA polymerase. The antibiotic tetracycline affects protein synthesis by interfering with the transfer ribosome. Erythromycin also targets protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosome and preventing translocation. With the case were C. xerosis caused pneumonia, vancomycin was used and it inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme that crosslinks the short peptides that link the sugar chains together(Wallet,845).