PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
MED 1150
CHAPTER 1- Questions: 1, 2,3,4,7,10,11,13,14,15,16,18
CHAPTER REVIEW PAGE 18-20
QUIZ YOUR SELF
1. Describe the linguistic origin/etiology of the following words
* Pharmacology: The study of drugs and the interactions with living tissue. * Origin of Pharmacology: Greek word pharmakon meaning medicine or drug
* Drug: Any nonfood chemical substance that affect the mind and body. * Origin of Drug: Dutch word droog meaning dry for dried herbs and plants that were the 1st medicine. * Medicine: A drug administered for preventative, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent.
* Origin for Medicine: Latin word for drug is medicina meaning medicine or medication
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Examples: * Antibiotic drugs to kill bacteria and cure an infection * Analgesic drugs to control the pain and inflammation of arthritis * Insulin to treat diabetes
4. Give the meaning of and describe the linguistic origin of RX. *The symbol RX comes from the Latin word recipe meaning take, which indicates a prescription, the combining of ingredients to form a drug. Some ingredients had the value but others were worthless or actually harmful.
7. Name three ancient “medicines” that seem silly or outrageous to us today. * Spider webs * Dirt, * Sour Milk
10. Describe the social and consumer safety circumstances that led to the passage of each
a. The Food and Drugs Act of 1906: This worthless, mislabeled and dangerous drugs led to 1st drug laws with an accurate labeling law added in 1912
b. The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938: Sulfonamide tested for flavor and fragrance but not safety, children died and 350 more were poisoned. This act made it so the sale of unsafe drugs could be stopped, that toxic drugs could be seized, and the burden of proof was given to the manufactures to show data of safety experiments.
c. Kefauver-Harris Amendment of 1962: Thalidomide used for morning sickness in West Germany which led to 8000 deformed baby limbs. The USA refused to approve. The Act tighten control on new and prescription drugs, while drugs had to be shown
According to, http://www.toxicology.org/gp/fda.asp, the Society of Toxicology website, in 1937 the Massengill pharmaceutical company dispersed Elixir Sulfanilamide. This drug was prescribed generally to anyone who had symptoms of strep throat. Elixir Sulfanilamide contains diethylene glycol, which is a chemical equivalent of antifreeze. There were 107 documented deaths, involving many children, because of the lack in regulations. The Pure Food and Drug Act was deemed to insufficient to protect the public. This tragedy was the critical motivation for the creation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
Befor the drug and food act people were unaware of what went on in some factoried and what they were consuming,
In 1906 the Food and Drug Act was officially created by the president at the time that was Theodore Roosevelt. The job of the FDA is to protect the health of the public and doing so by assuring that human and veterinary drugs are safe and secure along with biological products, medical devices , food supply in the US, cosmetics, and products that have been introduced to radiation. It’s important because they ensure the foods you are consuming can be eaten without getting you sick. They also ensure the medicine you get is not going to cause harm to you. Without the FDA the drugs we get from pharmacies and the food we get from stores would have the possibility of being very unsafe and hurtful. The FDA has created many regulations that products have to go through to be considered FDA approved. Some of those include the safety of the food we consume, products that contain tobacco, dietary supplements, medications from pharmacies, vaccines, and blood
1.1.1 A prescription is a written instruction from a physician, dentist, etc., to a pharmacist stating the form, dosage strength, etc., of a drug to be issued to a specific patient.
In 1906, the Pure Food and Drug Act, that was years in the making was finally passed under President Roosevelt. This law reflected a sea change in medicine-- an unprecedented wave of regulations. No longer could drug companies have a secret formula and hide potentially toxic substances such as heroin under their patent. The law required drug companies to specify the ingredients of medications on the label. It also regulated the purity and dosage of substances. Not by mere coincidence was the law passed only about five years after Bayer, a German based drug company began selling the morphine derivative, heroin. Thought to be a safe, non-habit forming alternative to morphine, heroin quickly became the “cure-all drug” that was used to treat
The young girl's story is typical. She had heard the whisper which has gone the rounds of American youth about a new thrill, a cigarette with a "real kick" which gave wonderful reactions and no harmful aftereffects. With some friends she experimented at an evening smoking party. The results were weird. Some of the party went into paroxysms of laughter; others of mediocre musical ability became almost expert; the piano dinned constantly. Still others found themselves discussing weighty problems with remarkable clarity. The girl danced without fatigue throughout a night of inexplicable exhilaration. Other parties followed, finally there came a gathering at a time when the girl was behind in her studies and greatly worried. Suddenly, as she was smoking, the thought of a solution to her school problems came. Without hesitancy she walked to a window and leaped to her death. Thus madly can marijuana "solve" one's difficulties ("The History of")?
This was a time period where the government was very liberal pertaining to drug laws. The government did not think that it was their place to tell people what was useful for them to take or not. During this time period the U.S. used to import and export opiates to other countries. In the period before 1913 the alcohol taxes provided about half of the federal income, but in that year an income tax was introduced which in turn made a decision to prohibit alcohol much easier for those who were making the decision in the government. Between of years of 1919-1923 is where the American people lost their rights to control their own medical treatment. The act that was passed that took this right away was the Harrison act. This act restricted doctors to prescribing narcotics only in the course of their professional practice. The passing of this law lead to lead to the harassing of doctors who did no follow the laws and sent a message to those who did not pay close attention to the specific definition of what constituted as professional practice. This was of course dependant on the persons interpretation was. There ended up being a number of doctors that ended up getting jail time and many others with warnings. This act also put a restriction on the physicians and their ability to give drugs. The physicians could only give drugs on a doctor?s prescription. January 16, 1920 was the
The history of drug use dates back for thousands of years with diverse purposes throughout humanity. According to Levinthal (2012), the drug-taking behavior gained federal awareness in the early 1900s, due to the lack of drug control regulations. Moreover, Levinthal (2012) mentions four major drug control laws which were established, including: (1) The Harrison Narcotic Act 1914, (2) The Marijuana Tax Act 1937, (3) The Boggs Act 1951, and (4) The Controlled Substance Act 1970. The drug control laws formed help regulate importation, manufacture, selling, or distribution of drugs within the United States (Levinthal, 2012).
3. Because of this incident, the Food and Drug Administration passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938 to protect the public from unsafe cosmetics and resorted to animals for testing dangerous cosmetics.
“Medicines appear to have greater power in affecting the state of health than the natural morbific irritation, for natural diseases are cured and subdued by appropriate medicines” – says Hahnemann. In my opinion, he holds the view that natural disease has the power to make us sick only when our organism is sufficiently disposed and susceptible to the attack of the “morbific cause” whereas the power of medicine is absolute and unconditional. It acts at all times, under all circumstances and on every living human being. Therefore, appropriately chosen medicine (remedy) that matches the symptoms of the illness, and produce an “artificial disease” that is similar to that which is to be cured, administered in the right dose and potency with a greater degree of intensity than the “natural disease” has absolute power to heal the patient.
The improvement of medicine over the course of the human successes gave great convenience to the people of today. Science has cured and prevented many illnesses from occurring and is on its way to cure some of the most dreadful and harmful illnesses. As the world modernizes due to the industrialization, so does the ways of medicine. Some cures are approached by chance, some, through intense, scientific measures.
History is always repeating itself to show how the world changed with drug abusers by adding federal and state laws. In the 19th century A.D., active substances of morphine, laudanum, and cocaine were introduced (Drug 2015). The physicians prescribed and completely unregulated the drugs freely to the offenders (Drug 2015). During the American Civil War, wounded veterans were using morphine as a freely drug when they arrived home (Drug 2015). In the United States by the early 1900s, it was estimated that 250,000 were addicted to drugs (Drug 2015). The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, was the first national drug law that required labeling for Opium and other types of medicines (Drug 2015). Supreme Courts made it illegal for the doctors to prescribe
“Drug or Drugs” means any dangerous substance (including solvents) or any substance other than the one consumed (medicine) by an employee or contractor according to the prescription of a health practitioner and any medicine non-prescribes used such as indicated by the manufacturer. Any substance which is affecting the mental process, which means the conscience and the user comportment. These terms establish the most descriptive and neutral definition to indicate all the substances, licit or illicit, presenting an interest in
A drug is any material that modifies the central nervous system, brain chemistry or bodily functions. There is no single definition since there are different definitions of the word "drug", with regard to medicine, government and street usage. Dictionary.com gives the drug meaning as "a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-bein". pharmacotherapy is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science of pharmacology for continual advancement and on pharmacy for suitable department. The world of drug is huge; it has a great history, so it should have classified ; scientists’ efforts in this field and classification of medicine.