Phenomenology: Scientific Method and Research

Rhetorical strategies are a great way for an author to get their tone and what they want to share to their reader. In Barbara Jordan’s Becoming Educated she uses rhetorical strategies to do just that. Jordan uses repetition and diction to increase her effectiveness of her message. She does so that the reader can also relate to what she is going through. By using repletion and diction she weaves these rhetorical devices throughout her experience to increase its effectiveness to convey her voice and her personal sense of growth.

As one of America’s most influential thinkers and writers, Ralph Waldo Emerson delivers Education that changed the way that student’s potential was seen. Emerson rhetorically proves his claims with appropriate use of structure, rhetorical appeals, mood, tone, and use of analogies. He uses these rhetorical strategies in order to illuminate the strengths of education and how to appropriately prepare then for their futures. Emerson tries to reach teachers, students, and educated adults in this essay in hopes of persuading the audience to see this revolutionary way of teaching and preparing students for the real world. In Emerson’s Education, rhetorical devices enhance not only the arguments, but also the professionality and tone of the paper.

This essay will focus on phenomenological research methodology. Historically, quantitative or positivist methodologies dominated education research with their traditional, systematic approach to the study of human behaviour and educational issues. However, by the 1960s and 1970s a strong move towards “a more qualitative, naturalistic and subjective approach” left educational research divided between two competing methods, the scientific approach and the phenomenological model (Burns, 1997, pp. 3-5). Phenomenology draws upon the works of Edmund Husserl and Alfred Schultz who based their research methodology on philosophical ideals which contrasted with scientific methodologies based on specific natural/social science disciplines (Cohen, et al, 2007, pp. 22-23). Phenomenology represents a radical departure from traditional scientific methods because it “emphasises the importance of subjective experience of individuals, with a focus on qualitative analysis” (Burns, 1997, pp. 3-5). Phenomenologists reject the possibility of producing casual explanations of human behaviour, believing that it is impossible to objectively measure and classify the world. Phenomenologists argue that human beings make sense of the world by imposing their own meanings and classifications upon it, so that these meanings and classifications make up an individual’s subjective social reality; thus “there is no

Although the researchers reviewed the various literature to develop practice guidelines, draw conclusions, create the research question, develop a study design, and find ways to control bias. In fact, it presented key terms, such as hermeneutics, phenomenology, and interview methods (Dainty et al., 2014). Descriptive style helps to ‘bracket’ any preconceptions, since hermeneutic methods acknowledge that an experience could influence its interpretation. The hermeneutic phenomenological design linked to the study question, which based on the experience of multiple realities (Dainty et al., 2014). Overall, the literature reviews adequately linked the interview question and design through interpretative phenomenology theory.

an inductive and descriptive method developed from Phenomenological. It mainly focused on understanding the response of the whole human being. The aim of phenomenological

A phenomenology approach looks to fully understand lived experience and the perception which arises. The phenomenologic method explores and understands people’s everyday lived experiences, incorporating experiences of everyday life, understanding of these experiences, through thoughts, feelings, values, emotions, purposes, and actions (Krumwiede & Krumwiede, 2012). . The approach used fits perfectly with what the authors are asking. Each men were asked to express their thoughts, feelings and emotions about their experiences with prostate cancer to turn personal experiences into disciplinary understanding. The use of van Manen’s four fundamental existential of human experiences was an excellent and appropriate concept used by the authors to analyze the data findings. This helped to strengthen the study and their

The proposed study would utilize a qualitative research design as this approach places a “greater emphasis on holistic description...” (Wallen & Fraenkel, 2001, p. 432). I would like to apply a transcendental phenomenological research design (Moustaka, 1994) that is guided by feminist principles. Van Manen describes phenomenological research as a “…search for what it means to be human (1990, p.12). He further explains that this method involves styuding the life-world as it aims at gaining a deeper understanding of the very nature and meaning of everyday experiences” I found this design to be very fitting of my research goal to explore and gain a more in-depth understanding of the specific experience of incarceration in relation to Aboriginal women. I

One can perceive change within themselves in various ways and through various mediums. Today I stand before you, ladies and gentleman to discuss with you three significant Changing Self texts I believe, strongly connect in their own ways with the Representations of Changing Self expo. Change can be an immediate process or it can be a series of events over a prolonged period of time like it is in Hosseini’s novel The Kite Runner, published in 2003. However, using different texts The Kite Runner and perhaps a poem, like The Door, by Miroslar Holub for example, can represent change of self not only in a different format, but also connecting ideas that change can be triggered by a certain event or experience in history which can leave a

This research is a qualitative study using the phenomenological-hermenetic method. Parahoo (2006) states that qualitative research explores the individual’s beliefs and life experiences in order to gain an in depth-insight, and tries to understand human behaviours .Phenomenology focuses on people with lived experience which aims to find out the full picture of the participant’s own point of view during certain events in life. (Macnee, 2004).

So, in this case any research done verbally like and interview or questionnaire is qualitative research. This data cannot not be measure accurately. There are also five diverse types of Qualitative Research, Case study, Grounded theory, Phenomenology, Ethnography and Historical.

For example, ethnography describes the meaning of a phenomenon based on the social and cultural contexts in which it takes place and how it has been embedded in a community and the life of its members over time. Phenomenological researchers, on the other hand, study the ordinary ‘life world’ of the individuals, how they experience the world around them and how these experiences can be best understood (Tesch, 1990). “So, ethnography acknowledges that communities are comprised of persons, each of whom has his or her own subjective experiences, and phenomenology acknowledges that a person’s ‘life world’ is a social, cultural and historical product, as well as a pole of individual subjectivity” (Fossey et al. 2002). Thus, interpretive approach seeks to comprehend the meaning of the human actions and experiences, irrespective of their individual or collective origins (Fossey et al.

Today, phenomenology has progressed as a human science and is used by professional disciplines such as health science, education, clinical psychology and law (Given, 2008). Phenomenology is focused on studying the unique lived experiences of individuals (Giorgi, 1997). The aim of the phenomenological research is to look for the essence of a phenomenon through perception and consciousness of observed individuals and analyse the meaning people give a phenomenon (Giorgi, 1997; Smith et al., 2009). In terms of epistemology, phenomenology highlights subjective personal interpretation and experience perceived by human consciousness (Giorgi, 1997). All phenomenological research demands basic knowledge of philosophical rationale, furthermore, it requires understanding how researcher´s own views are affecting the study (Creswell,

Deciphering from all the above research philosophy the author would adopt an Epistemological Approach. This approach allows the researcher the in-depth desires to gain knowledge with respect to a particular phenomenon related to the thesis topic; performance management systems in the Radiology Department at E.W.M.S.C. The author shall decipher is what is the nature of the relationship between the knower and what can be known.

The critique of this model derives principally from the criticisms that can be levelled at the research methodology, particularly its non positivist approach, although a rationale for the single case study design and hermeneutic phenomenology research paradigm has been made above (Ch 5,6).

The authors use a phenomenological analysis to gain insights into certain experiences, which was used to perform their research. Phenomenological analysis is a qualitative technique and the author’s made use of observations and focus groups to collect their data, so it makes sense that a qualitative research design was selected. The choice to use phenomenological analysis was stated in the article. This articles earns a 5 on the CASP scale in appropriateness of methodology.