Phi 208 Final Paper

With this lesson, we begin a new unit on epistemology, which is the philosophical study of knowledge claims. In this first lesson on epistemology, we begin by examining the question “What do we mean when we say we know something?” What exactly is knowledge? We will begin with a presentation that introduces the traditional definition of knowledge. Wood then discusses some of the basic issues raised in the study of epistemology and then presents an approach to epistemology that focuses on obtaining the intellectual virtues, a point we will elaborate on in the next lesson.

While most kids attend public schools to receive an education, there are some people who choose to have their kids home schooled. There are many reasons for parents to choose either way for their children to receive their education. In my essay, I will show that there are similarities and differences between the two methods I will show how either option equally as good as the other.

The White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) have been at the top of the social hierarchy ever since they arrived to America in the 1600s. The first wave of immigration consisted of the Germans, Irish and Chinese. The WASPs created a way to measure the success of each immigrant group. They acknowledged four factors of success that would show them whether an immigrant group was successful or not. The first factor of success was how much money an immigrant had when they came to America. The more money they came to America with, the more successful they were. Another factor of an immigrant’s success was how large the group they came with was. The larger the group, the less respect and

Due to the increase in racial and ethnic diversity in the United Sates there is a great need to provide counseling interventions that cater for social issues that are attributed to the racial and ethnic diversity. Presently, efforts are being made to implement social justice advocacy strategies and interventions into counseling practices. Thus, counselors are encouraged to be agents and advocates for social justice, oppression, and discrimination (Ratts & Hutchins, 2009). At the forefront of social justice counseling approaches, is the need to empower the oppressed or marginalized individual by confronting injustices and inequalities that affect the individual at the systemic level (Pedersen, Lonner, Draguns, Trimble, & Rio, 2015).

two major tribes were the Ostrogoth’s and the Lombard’s where power shifted several times, And the

14. The application data is encrypted by symmetric key encryption algorithm. The pre-master key and nonces from the client and the server generate the symmetric encryption keys to choose the algorithm in the handshake phase.

1) Complete summary of the case study that identifies the key problems and issues, provides background information, relevant facts, the solution employed, and the results achieved.

Skepticism is one of the most important debates in philosophy, skepticism could be describe as the doubt or refusing attitude towards reality and knowledge. This idea of doubting knowledge has been around since the 1st century BC with the foundation of the Greek skeptic school known as Pyrrhonism. Since that time, the idea of skepticism has remained the same and many people from our time still questioning themselves about reality; "How can I be certain about reality, if I cannot even trust my own senses?". One of the many examples of this belief is Rene Descartes and his famous "Dreaming Argument"; where he states that everything that we know is only part of a dream, a dream where nobody wants to wake up because we feel comfortable on it and we are afraid that reality could be cruel. However, due to the fact that skepticism is a very controversial idea, another group of people emerged to denied skepticism.

In comparing ancient skeptics Titus Lucretius Carcus and Wang Ch’ung they come from two different backgrounds one of higher education another that had no former learning or training yet have great theories of mythology and philosophy of what was to be or could be in a person life. Special fears that shaped their lives and caused them to be superstitious and even skeptical in the way they lived their own lives. Skepticism is considered “is an attitude of doubting the truth of something, such as a claim or statement.” (Webster Dictionary, 2016).

One of the most important branches in philosophy, is Epistemology, which means, theory of knowledge. So far, philosophers have made many attempts to discover the source of knowledge, the standards or criteria by which we can judge the reliability of knowledge. We tend to be satisfied with think what we know about almost everything, even though sometimes we are shocked to discover that something that we thought it was sure and certain, is instead proved dubious and not sure. For example, suppose that one person that you know and trust tells you that the moon landing in 1969 is only a lie, and the pictures and film were made in a laboratory. We might distrust our friend maybe or think that in fact there were no prove

Socrates had a unique way of teaching and expressing his thoughts and ideas. He taught by constantly posing questions with the assumption that any person could approach the truth through logic if he set aside ingrained prejudice and received knowledge (Hattersley 17,18). His dialectic method of questioning consisted of a subject being broken down by one or more people, in search of the same truth but with differing views. Instead of merely trying to convince listeners, Socrates would approach others by questioning what they felt to be true and therefore would be able to determine that person’s true feelings and the basis for those feelings. Socrates was open to receive knowledge wherever he could find it, yet when he approached people who claimed to be wise, he found they really knew nothing. He would challenge preconceived opinions, based on the words of others and fallacious logic. Many felt that he was attacking their identity and security causing them to resent Socrates when he pointed this out. Due to his search for truth, Socrates would, eventually, pay the ultimate price. Socrates teaches us to assume nothing and to question everything. In scientific study today, this is a fundamental element of scientific study, starting with a theory and afterward refining it to the point of when a decisive conclusion is made.

By understanding the beginning of Ancient Greek Skepticism, one will be able to understand the influence it had on the Enlightenment, and the way the views of modern skepticism diverged from original Greek skeptical thought. Greeks and Skepticism The Greeks, first introduced skepticism– their knowledge of Skepticism is in a philosophical view. They broke up their observation into two views, “the first was that no knowledge was possible, and the second is that there was insufficient and inadequate evidence to determine if any knowledge was possible. ” Thinking this way leads one to doubt if what they know is real, and if anything they want to learn or acquire will be real.

Christianity, however, introduced a dilemma into Greek and Roman philosophies that were primarily based on skeptical principles. In many ways, the philosophy of Christianity, which insisted on an absolute knowledge of the divine and of ethics, did not fit the Greek and Roman skeptical emphasis on probable knowledge. Paul of Tarsus, one of the original founders of Christianity, answered this question simply: the knowledge of the Romans and Greeks, that is, human knowledge, is the knowledge of fools. Knowledge that rejects human reasoning, which, after all, leads to skepticism, is the knowledge of the wise. Christianity at its inception, then, had a strong anti-rational perspective. This did not, however, make the skeptical problem go away. Much of the history of early Christian philosophy is an attempt to paste Greek and Roman philosophical methods and questions onto

Epistemology is defined as the theory of knowledge, with regards to the acquisition, validity, and scope of knowledge. Human history has been a constant struggle of curiosity, whereby humans constantly seek information and answers to their dearest questions. From discovering why the sun rises, to whether a God exists, humans have always sought to understand. Philosophical debate has occurred for thousands of years, determining what makes knowledge true, and how to acquire this true knowledge. Philosophers such as Aquinas firmly believed in the power of God, and his divine grace providing humanity with their answers, while others such as Marx defined knowledge as concrete and objective, revealed through evidence and study. These contrasted worldviews are characteristic of changing human culture, because as time progresses, humanity changes. Therefore, through Marx and Aquinas’ vastly different time periods, cultures, and worldviews, both came to define knowledge and its acquisition through vastly different means. These two philosopher’s personally defined epistemology using their own experience, from how to acquire knowledge, what makes that knowledge real, and the limit of human knowledge.

When most people hear the term skepticism used philosophically they tend to associate and think it as a constant behavior and attitude of death of doubt. People fail to realize that skepticism is merely the philosophical view of the uncertainty of the world as it is. Skepticism originated in Greek from the word skeptesthai meaning examine, and skepsis meaning investigation. Skepticism began during fifth century B.C. when Greek philosophers began to questioning knowledge.