Philippi: A City of Immeasurable Significance

Greece is also known as Hellenic Republic, the first country in Europe to advance civilization, Greece is one of the most visited country in Europe locate in southern Europe near Albania, Turkey, Bulgaria, and Rep. Macedonia.

The fall of the Roman Republic began in 59 BC when three powerful Roman politicians: Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and Marcus Licinius Crassus created an alliance between themselves. This alliance was known as the First Triumvirate and essentially gave the three men power over Rome. However, this all changed when Crassus died during a battle in 53 BC and Pompey sided with the Roman senators and

The colonies had the same form of government and religious traditions as the original metropolis. However, there were no political ties between the metropolis and the apoikia, resulting in political independence. In the 8th century B.C., when colonization first occurred, the locations of the colonies reflected the trading outposts on the coast of the land; the colonies were in those locations in order to secure and control the trade routes. Consequently, the Greeks frequently came into contact with other groups of people who would pass through these trades post, connecting them with other resources. As the Greeks expanded from the western direction, another power was expanding to the same place from the eastern direction. The Greek colonies located in Asia Minor were overtaken by the Persian Empire under the rule of King Darius. In the early 5th century B.C., the Ionian Greeks intended to revolt against the unwanted Persian rule. As they revolt against the Persians, they get help from Athens, “Once persuaded to accede to Aristagoras’ appeal, the Athenians passed a decree for the dispatch of twenty ships to Ionia…These ships were the beginning of evils for Greeks and barbarians” (Herodotus, 5.97). Because Athens helps her former colonies revolt against the tyrants appointed by Persia, Persia seeks revenge against Athens. The rapid colonization of the areas outside of mainland Greece, particularly to Asia Minor, created an inevitable conflict between the Greeks and the

This marked the beginning of the fall of Rome and their republic. As

One of the most defining moments in Roman history was the assassination of Gaius Julius Caesar on the 15th of March, 44 BCE. It sparked the transition from a republican to an imperial system of government for Rome. Caesar admired the idea of a government that was controlled by an individual (Imperialism), and not by senators constantly jostling for power (Republicanism). There are three points that suggest why his assassination was the key moment for the transition to take place. Firstly, Caesar emphasized heavily on the idea that a dictator would assist in the centralizing of power within Rome, therefor allowing Rome to endure as the dominant force throughout the Mediterranean. Secondly, after Caesar’s death, the second triumvirate was formed

Antony and Cleopatra fought together. “Antony, with 500 ships and 70,000 infantry, made his camp at Actium, which lies on the southern side from the Ionian Sea into the Ambracian Gulf” (Brittannica.com). Octavian gathered his men and ships. He had a quarter more than men than Marc Antony men and ships. Antony had an advantage over Octavian when it came to fighting at sea. Marc thought it would be good to fight near western Greece where his men were set up and ready for attack. Antony was not aware of the strategic and force that Octavian was bringing on with him in this battle. Antony and Cleopatra side by side fought together but was conquered at every angle by Octavian naval ships and general in command Agrippa. Eventually Antony and Cleopatra was forced back to the grounds of Egypt. Fleeing in fear Antony and Cleopatra decide to commit suicide together. “Antony, thinking his lover was already dead he stabbed himself with a sword and then brought to die in Cleopatra’s arms” History.com. The queen was captured by Octavian men but escaped capture by poisoning herself with a snake bite. After battle Antony name was banned from anyone in the family to ever be renamed Marc Antony. All his statues and honors were striped of him and his name was forever banned in the roman

Pella was the capital of Macedonia under Alexander’s father King Phillip II. By the 7th century BC the Olympics, the biggest sport in the world was held every 4 years in Olympia. It was a slow start for the Greeks with the first buildings in the Greek Peninsula belonging before 2,000 BC. The people that made the buildings did not speak Greek, they spoke another language. Their language seemed to be very rich and posh because of how they spoke. The invaders who spoke Greek arrived around 2,000 BC. In 1,600 BC, an amazing Greek civilization was developed, ‘the Mycenaean’. Its ruler had palaces in a few different places. There were harsh landlords in Greece. Many other citizens who could afford hoplite equipment, suddenly found themselves not

Many history books claim the fall of Rome was on September 4, 476 Romulus Augustulus was stripped of his power, but the reality is Rome lived on many more years after the “fall”.

The transformation of the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire was a period of historican significance. It was a period of great upheaval, which was caused by the Rome’s economic, social and political institutions being reconstructed from its traditional values. Marc Anthony, a skilful military became one of the great leaders of Rome and had a significant impact in the transformation of Roman society. However, due to a power struggle between Antony and Octavian, there was a civil war, which is known as the final war of the Roman republic. Marc Anthony’s career and his defeat at the Battle of Actium proved pivotal in Rome turning form a Republic to Empire.

Octavian could then concentrate his efforts on moving against Marc Antony, for total control of the Roman Empire. The Battle of Actium in 31 BC was arguably one of the most important naval battles in the history of the Roman Empire. The following year in Egypt, Octavian and his army again defeat Antony. Consequently, Antony and Cleopatra (Anotny’s wife) commit suicide. With the victory at the Battle of Actium, Octavian was now sole ruler of Rome and all its provinces.

Finally in the year 476 Emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed and removed from power in a revolt staged by the Germanic leader Odoacer. This was considered the last blow in the crumbling of the Roman Empire as no Roman emperor would ever again

Since its collapse, historians have attempted to explain the struggle for power and control over both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire that followed. To explain the complexities of the Roman Republic, the Empire, and their political complexities can be a daunting task. For nearly ten centuries Rome would rule most of the known world before the fall of the Western Empire (Byzantine) in 476 C.E. Before that fall occurred, a fundamental change would take place that would transform the original Republic into the Roman Empire. Many factors would be directly and indirectly responsible for this transition. These would

Rome won. Thus, Rome increases in power. As a reaction to the increase in Rome’s power, c.296 when the Gauls attacked with Etruscans, Samnites and Umbrians. turned against Rome. Fabius Rullianus led the Romans to triumph against the coalition of the Gauls, Etruscans, Samnites, and Umbrians at Sentinum in Umbria; a key event that would have a major impact in the success of Rome’s conquest of Italy later on.

AS THE HIPPAGOGUS sailed into the harbor of Leptis Magna, Rubio got a good glimpse of the city and its people. It was a thriving Roman metropolis settled on the coastline of North Africa, and its market was one of the most flourishing; ships sailing the Mediterranean brought forth valuable goods, slaves and exotic animals. Immense quantities of olive oil also arrived in the country, as well as high-quality garum, and salted fish were brought in from the coast. This grand port, with its superb monumental architecture, was fast becoming the busiest in the Roman Empire. The reason why Leptis Magnus was so well-fixed was its strategic position of its many dockages, control of which guaranteed total domination of the local markets, combined

Very few civilizations have had as profound an influence on the world as those of ancient Greece. The Greeks laid the foundations for fields varying from philosophy to political theory to war tactics. However, this influence was not just due to their intelligence or success, but their widespread presence in the Mediterranean. Greek culture was spread throughout their known world in two distinct manners, the foundation of apoikia in the Archaic Age (8th century to 500 B.C. ) and imperialists by poleis, primarily Athens of the Classical Age (490 - 323 B.C ). Though the culture of a mother city (mētropolis) may have spread through two very different manners of “colonization.” The word is not used in the literal sense, but rather hereafter used to mean “spreading of culture”, as the former can hardly be described using the contemporary definition of colonization and the latter was through Athenian empire-building. These developments had a significant impact on ancient Greece and our modern perception thereof. Like most of the ancient world, we can best analyze these methods of colonialism through extant artifacts. I will analyze an inscription of the foundation oath of Cyrene, which recounts the decision and manner in which the island of Thera sent its citizens to the form a new polis, and the fragments of the Lapis Primus, a marble monolith that documented tributes to Athens when the city was at the peak of its imperial age, evidencing the magnitude of their power and influence in the Greek region.