Philipus Paracelsus Research Paper

Bombus norvegicus, the bumblebee, is a social parasite that invades the nest of the species Bombus hypnorum. Females of B. norvegicus enter the nest of B. hypnorum and take the place of the former queen of the nest so that the workers of the host nest can rear the offspring of B. norvegicus. Females of B. norvegicus lack the necessary biological tools to rear offspring on their own and rely solely on invading another species’ nest in order to do so. In order to invade the host nest, B. norvegicus must use a variety of different mechanisms to enter the host nest and bypass their defense system as well as remain inside of the host nest permanently. One such way to do this is to employ the use of offensive chemicals that are able to influence the behavior of the host workers.

Trebonianus Gallus was born in Italy in 206 A.D. He became the 36th Emperor of the Roman Empire during the third century. He reigned jointly from 251 A.D. with Hostilianus, then later with Volusianus from A.D. 251 to 253. His reign was short and suffered from a series of disasters. Trebonianus Gallus was not a great leader and was eventually killed by his own soldiers.

Before logical thought was regularly applied to functions of the human body, people made sense of daily misfortunes by attributing them to the moods and wills of the gods. In the minds of the Greek, afflictions were the result of disobedience and to live in good health was a blessing that only divine intervention could provide (History of Medicine 1). Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine and healing, was often the one called upon in times of need. Asclepian temples were constructed in Greece and in the surrounding areas, and these sites of worship also became the centers of healing; Ill Grecians undertook lengthy pilgrimages to the temples in hopes that the God’s supposed restorative powers could ameliorate their tribulations (Greek Medicine 1). An orator at that time, Aeschines reported his encounter with godly healing by praising Asclepius: “No longer counting upon mortal skill, I placed all my hope in divinity. I came, Asclepius, into your sacred wood and I was cured in three of a wound I had in my head for a year” (Palatine Anthology 13). When cures were not left up to the divine, the rituals to rid a body of disease were primitive and mainly consisted of attempts to expel demons (Longrigg 14-16). Although the idea that sickness and religion are intertwined is

Trebonianus Gallus was appointed as the emperor after the previous emperor Decius was killed by the Goths. Gallus was made emperor by his soldiers and his first act as emperor he made a truce with the Goths letting them return home with their plunder and prisoners, agreeing to pay them if they did not attack them again. Gallus then quickly marched back to Rome, hoping to secure his position as emperor by assuring good relations with the senate. After Gallus returned to Rome he appointed Decius’ younger son Hostilianus as Augustus to stand alongside Gallus as his imperial colleague. In order not to aggravate Decius’ widow, Gallus did not elevate his wife, Baebiana, to the rank of Augusta.

Prior to 18th century Europe there were a few effective medical developments but most treatments lacked medical value. An idea developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans insisted that bloodletting was a fantastic remedy to difficult diseases but it did more harm than good (Doc 4). Another flaw in medicine is the level of hygiene in the institutions that provided care. The sick were crammed into dirty hospitals, dead lay beside those clinging to life, and the air was

During the Middle Ages, medical knowledge was severely limited. People did not understand things like germs and how diseases are spread from person to person. To the Medieval man,

Christianity played a huge part in the medicine of Europe at that time (the reason flagellation was used), so prayer itself was also a common cure-all, along with holy artefacts and other holy things. People were also not permitted to perform dissection on cadavers, making it difficult if not impossible for medicine to progress. This meant that it stayed

Andreas Vesalius was a Renaissance Physician who revolutionized the way we look at anatomy. He transformed the study of biology and the practice of medicine by reevaluating the human body. Past physicians had given believable but incorrect knowledge about the human anatomy. His work was seen as being against the church which proposed a big challenge for Vesalius due to the fact that at this time the church had a lot of power. He was called a Renaissance Physician because he was a physician during the time of the “rebirth” or the “enlighten age” which was a period in time in which society and scholars thought that we should begin to fix the way we live. It was a time of advancement in every field including art, agriculture, science and many more. This led to many people questioning things that other saw as facts, and led to a time of testing and hypothesizing. This is the age in which the scientific method created and used. Scholars began to gain knowledge

After reviewing the article, “Camera Catches New Fish Species-as it’s eaten”, one begins to understand the massive effect that invasive species have on native and denizen species. In this specific case, the Pterois volitans (an invasive species commonly known as lionfish) are causing havoc at depths of up to 122 meters (that’s 400 feet). Pterois volitans have been breeding and feeding at these depths for years without any real threats. Human divers are one of the main sources to reduce Pterois volitans population. However, since humans can only dive around 40 meters in depth we are faced with an issue. With the population of Pterois volitans increasing and no substantial means of containing them, more and more fish become eaten. Some of these

Paracelsus’ “Paramirum” Fifth Argument - Motive Determines Character Paracelsus argued in his piece entitled Paramirum that the nature of human health and disease hinged on five influences: the stars, nourishment, the physical body, one’s spiritual side, and the power of God. In elaborating on the fifth influence, Paracelsus incorporated a discussion about “quacks and sham societies” that was particularly intriguing (101). Paracelsus stated that, especially with regard to medicine, it is important to distinguish between that which is pure and that which is soiled. Paracelsus noted that Jesus was betrayed by one, which I assume is in reference to Judas’ betrayal of Jesus as he was one of the twelve disciples.

There were no medical schools at all and very few physicians in Western Europe. Those who studied the human body or any kind of medicine were members of the Church. Even then, if the human body was studied, dissection was not allowed. “Furthermore, because the human body was held sacred, dissection was prohibited and this meant that the sciences of anatomy and physiology, which are the bedrock of all medical knowledge, could not be studied in a practical manner” (Bishop 58). Going deeper into the natural causes of disease was discouraged as well, even when one of the first principles of Christianity was healing the sick. Instead of physicians curing people, churches dedicated shrines to saints that were associated with the healing arts. “A patron saint was usually regarded as having power to relieve affections of a particular organ or part of the body” (Bishop 58). Practices of surgery were forbidden to priests; any practice of surgery therefore was left into the hands of barbers and uneducated men. However, there were surgeons who attended the noble and royal. This surgery that was attempted was meddlesome in the Middle Ages. “The progress of surgery was long retarded by the belief that suppuration was an essential process in the healing of wounds” (Bishop 60). Suppuration is discharged waste from a wound. There were messy and obnoxious antidotes for treating a wound and the wound was kept open artificially (Bishop 60). Another way wounds were treated was the use of ligature by the Greeks to control haemorrhage. Ligature is the binding of a wound. Ligature was abandoned because of the later surgeons and the use of cauterization. However these methods were only used in time of dire need and the surgeons usually did not want to use any brutal methods; the surgeons wanted to stick with a simple dressing of the wound. After some

A mystery still remains pertaining to the medicine and healing practices during the Roman Empire, but one can gain a great deal of insight by studying the pieces of history that were left behind. Whether it is tools, medicinal materials and buildings, bones, or even writings, there is much that can be learned from the times of the Roman Empire. Many people during the Roman Empire believed that disease or illness could be a result of a curse from the gods and that they are ill because of wrongdoing. Christians during this time witnessed Jesus healing diseases and illnesses that doctors could not. As for these so-called doctors, there was no formal qualification, and if they were wealthy enough or knew individuals that were rich, a small amount of training may have been possible; even then,

The logic and principles of medieval medicine shaped those of Modern medicine. Never was there a more efficient method perfected, so much that it remained through history through so many hundreds of years. Today’s concepts of diagnosis, relationships with the church, anatomy, surgery, hospitals and training, and public health were established in the Middle Ages.

This book encouraged further study of human anatomy by various physicians throughout the Scientific Revolution. Ambrose Paré was an influential French physician in the early 1540s. He studied ways to prevent infections more effectively. Also, Paré created new techniques for surgery, began the use of artificial limbs, and invented several medical tools. In the early 1600s the circulatory system was studied for the first time by William Harvey, an English scholar.

Paracelsus received little attention in Germany and France during his life. Posthumously, however, the manuscripts abandoned in small towns from his wanderings reached publishers and his ideas were printed and disseminated to mixed reviews. While some were quick to defend Paracelsianism—Peter Severinus, for instance—by remarking on the failures of Galenic medicine to treat new European diseases, others—such as Erastus—were unwilling to abandon the well-established philosophy and the humoral medicine of antiquity. Johannes Guinter van Andernach and Severinus, although espousing Paracelsianism to different degrees, reconciled Paracelsus’ principles with the accepted Aristotelian causes by approaching Paracelsian theories as both physical and philosophical theories. Upon consideration of the purported alchemical cures, van Andernach was willing to make these concessions in reconciling the two worldviews, but he wholly denounced Paracelsus’ mysticism.