Phloem Study Guide

6. Describe several adaptations that enable plants to reduce water loss from their leaves. Include both structural and physiological adaptations.

also damage the plants and prove to be a detriment to its lifetime. Plus, plants

Osmosis is the passive movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration, normally across a membrane which prevents the movement of solvent. This is a process by which materials may move into, out of, or within cells. Osmosis doesn’t depend on energy provided by living organisms but is affected by the properties of the cell membrane. The rate of osmosis is dependent on such factors as temperature, pressure, molecular properties such as size and mass, and the concentration gradient. In osmosis, the relationship between a solute’s concentration outside of cell and inside of a cell is described in terms of the tonicity of the solution outside of the cell. A cell is in a hypotonic solution when the solute is more concentrated inside the cell and therefore water moves into the cell. In this solution the cell swells as water enters, this may continue until it ruptures or hemolyzes. In the reverse condition, the cell is in a hypertonic solution

Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 3: Simulating Osmotic Pressure Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. Which of the following is true of osmosis? You correctly answered: c. It is a type of diffusion. 2. Which of the following occurs when a hypertonic solution is added to cells? You correctly answered: d. The cells shrink. 3. The variable that affects osmotic pressure is You correctly answered: a. the concentration of nondiffusing solutes. 4. The net movement of water would be into the cell in a You correctly answered: b. hypotonic solution.

Plants need food to grow like human beings. Fertilizers can provide plant’s nutrients that may be lacking in the soil. How does the amount of fertilizer effect the growth of the plant? Plants are important in our life. Plants give us food, regulate the water cycle, and provide us oxygen. Plants make up the habitat, and contribute to the climate. Our everyday life depends on plants. Life could not exist without plants. It is very important plants grow and develop properly. Lack of water, nutrients in the soil, and natural disasters may contribute to the delay or reduction of the plant growth. If a plant does not get the right amount of nutrients from the root then the plant will not yield fruits, crops, and flowers. Plants need the right amount of fertilizer to grow and develop. Usage of too much fertilizer can harm plants. Plant can suffer from dehydration and eventually die. The correct amount of fertilizer is essential for the plant to grow healthy. If watering the plant with too little or too much fertilizer, then plant’s growth will slow down, because under fertilizer will cause the lack of nutrients in the soil and over fertilizer will increase the salt amount of soil which eventually slow down the growth of the plant.

The data collected from this experiment demonstrates that the potato undergoes a hypotonic change when exposed to water as well as a hypertonic change when saturated in a sucrose solution. Throughout the experiment, each piece of potato was introduced to a different concentration of a sucrose and water solution. The sucrose solution, due to its density, did not enter the potato cells while the water was easily diffused into the cells through pores in their membranes. Water undergoes osmosis in situations where there is more solute in one area compared to another. It will then move towards the area with a higher concentration of solute, in this case the cytoplasm, and thus leave the area with a lower concentration of solute, the test tube.

In osmosis, the flow of the water from or to a cell depends on whether the cell is immersed in a solution that is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic to the solution. If the cell is isotonic to a solution, this means that the solute concentration of a cell and its environment is the same and therefore there will be no movement of water. If the solute concentration is lower than that of the cell, then water will flow into the cell, causing it to expand. If the solute concentration is lower than that of the cell then water will flow out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration through semipermeable membranes, caused by the difference in concentrations on the two sides of a membrane (Rbowen, L.). It occurs in both animals and plants cells. In human bodies, the process of osmosis is primarily found in the kidneys, in the glomerulus. In plants, osmosis is carried out everywhere within the cells of the plant (World Book, 1997). This can be shown by an experiment with potato and glucose/salt solution. The experiment requires putting a piece (or more) of potatoes into glucose or salt solution to see the result of osmosis (a hypertonic type of solution is mostly used as it would give the most prominent visual prove of

To understand how osmosis and diffusion worked we did a lab. The lab we did was on plant cells and animal cells. Osmosis is a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient or from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration. The difference between diffusion and osmosis is that diffusion refers to the movement of any chemical from one place to another, and osmosis exclusively refers to the movement of water across a membrane. Also, the lab that we did helped us to understand the difference between the three types of solutions. The three types of solutions are hypertonic, isotonic and hypertonic. An isotonic solution refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. A hypotonic solution has a lower osmotic pressure than any other solution. A hypertonic solution is when the concentration of the solutes is greater outside the cell than inside of the cell. Tonicity is the measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient, as understood by the water potential of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. We

Within every cell, a movement of a solvent occurs through a semipermeable membrane to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane. The diffusion of water across the cell’s membrane down to its concentration gradient is called osmosis. In this case, the concentration gradient is the difference of density between one side of the cell membrane to the other. Since the cell’s membrane is permeable, particles can flow freely in and out of the cell, but the net flow will be strong in the direction of lower concentration until the system has reached a stage of equilibrium, the point at which both sides of the membrane are equal. In the

Transpiration pulls water up the plant stem but osmosis is the process whereby water is drawn into or out of cells and tissues. Osmosis is the flow of water by diffusion through a differentially permeable membrane from areas of high water concentration to regions of low water concentration. The diagram below illustrates this: Water can freely penetrate all membrane. The cellulose cell wall does not act as a semi permeable membrane and will allow most substances that are dissolved in water to freely pass through it. Whether water enters the cell by osmosis or not will depend on the balance between external and internal solute concentrations and the state of the cell.

All plants are subjected to a multitude of stresses throughout their life cycle. Depending on the species of plant and the source of the stress, the plant will respond in different ways. When a certain tolerance level is reached, the plant will eventually die. When the plants in question are crop plants, then a problem arises. The two major environmental factors that currently reduce plant productivity are drought and salinity (Serrano, 1999), and these stresses cause similar reactions in plants due to water stress. These environmental concerns affect plants more than is commonly thought. For example, disease and insect loss typically decrease crop yields by less than ten percent, but severe

Reverse osmosis use water pressure to force water molecule over a membrane.3 First of all, is necessary understand the osmosis process. The phenomenon of osmosis occur naturally in the environment. Osmosis occur in the plants roots, kidneys, and in the blood.10 The natural process consists in a two saline solution.10 However, one saline solution is stronger than other, and it do that the weaker saline solution through for the strong solution.10 Figure 4 displays the normal osmosis process. The lower contaminant concentration is a weak solution, and the higher contaminate concentration is the strong solution. The semipermeable membrane separate the solutions, and this membrane allow some atoms or molecules to pass.10 The dilute solution across the concentrated solution with the intention of equalize concentrations. On the concentrate solution has a pressure for avoid a flow of water molecules.12 This pressure is called osmotic pressure, and it is shown in the Figure 4 form the difference of height of water.

Plants, being sessile organisms cannot move to more favorable places to escape the adverse effects of HM toxicity.Exposure of the plants to toxic levels of HM triggers a wide range of physiological and biochemical process; and plants in order to cope with the negative impacts of toxicity develop and/or adopt a series of strategies (Fig.1) (Hayat et al., 2012). The initial response of the plants to various stresses, including HM accumulation in the soils involve perception of stress stimuli, signal transduction and transmission of amplified signal (mitogen activated proteins viz; SIMKK,SIMK, SAMK,MMK3,MMK2) into cell and acceleration of the cell machinery to bring about comparative changes in cascades of physiological, biochemical and

Describe how the cells of the leaf system have a variety of specialized structures and functions; i.e., epidermis including guard cells, palisade tissue cells, spongy tissue cells, and phloem and xylem vascular tissue cells to support the process of photosynthesis