Photosynthesis Lab Report

After it was expelled back into the cup, 1 ml of the saline rise was transferred into a micro test tube in order for it to be spun in a balanced centrifuge. The micro test tube that contained the 1 ml of saline rise was inside of the centrifuge for 2 minutes, resulting in cells at the bottom of the tube. Since all of the cells were present at the bottom of the tube, the saline was poured off and the tube was vortexed to be sure that there were no clumps of cells. Afterward, the InstaGene Master Mix (which removes cofactor to inhibit DNA cutting enzymes) was vortexed with the saline rise in order to fully mix the contents of the tube (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Chromosome 16: PV92 PCR). The tube was then incubated at 56 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes to inactivate DNAses and put on a second heat block at 100 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes to disrupt cell membranes. The tubes were put into a centrifuge then cooled down in a 4 degrees’ Celsius fridge.

Introduction: All organisms have DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) in the nuclei of their cells. The aim of this experiment is to extract this DNA using common household detergent to breakdown the cellular membrane then through the use of ethanol to extract the DNA from the Kiwi and Strawberry fruit. After the DNA has been extracted the DNA will be visualised by agarose gel electrophoresis which is done by adding a dye to the extracted DNA then being placed in the gel, once the negatively charged DNA has been placed in the gel it will slowly move towards the positively charged end (anode) then is viewed under an ultraviolet light then compared to the control of known lengths of DNA to show the size of the unknown DNA samples.

The DNA fragments that have been sorted using the gel electrophoresis are still intact, and can be extracted from the gel and used in experiments or studied.

For DNA extraction, the fungus was grown in a 250 mL flask containing 50 mL of liquid ME medium for 7 days. Mycelium was harvested by vacuum filtration, washed with sterile Milli-Q water, and lyophilized. Then 2.5 ml of HSE solution (10 mM HEPES, pH 6.9, 0.5 M sucrose and 20 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) and 250 μl of 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate were added to 0.1 g of the powdered mycelium. After incubation at 65 °C for 15 min, 2.5 ml of TEA solution (50 mM Tris-HCl and 20 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) were added, followed by three extractions with 5 mL of phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (25 : 24 :1). Then a final chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1) extraction was made. 0.5 ml of 3 M sodium acetate

In addition, everyone has DNA and it is located within the nucleus of our cells throughout our bodies. For example blood, saliva, and hair can be used to trace our DNA. During the first step of the DNA extraction process cells get broke open in order to release DNA molecules into a solution. Additionally, during DNA testing the extraction has to be examined to ensure that it is human and not bacteria or something else. Furthermore, there is also a DNA amplification technique known as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), which makes millions of copies of a certain DNA sequence within a few hours. The PCR process is crucial because many times DNA is limited at a crime scene (Bureau of Criminal Apprehension,

The first method in the PCR technique was genomic isolation; a procedure used in purifying mitochondrial DNA from human buccal cells. Using two cytology brushes, the cheek cell (buccall cells) were collect by brushing the inside the cheeks, one brush per cheek. The brushes were then cut and placed in 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes. Adding into the tube were, the collected buccal cells, an anionic detergent (Buffer ATL) accompanied with a DNA stabilizer and another agent that destroys contaminating proteins (Proteinase K). The role of the DNA stabilizer was to limit the activity of intracellular DNase and DNase found in the environment. Other detergents mentioned in the material and methods were added to further lyse the membrane

This made use of household detergent as a surfactant to allow the DNA out of the cell and its contents. This method is cheaper to run, not involving costlier laboratory chemicals like Proteinase K. (Ciulla, Sklar and Hauser, 1988, page 488)

2. Let’s start the DNA extraction solution. Put 90 mL of water in a 200 mL beaker and dissolve 2 grams of salt. Then add 10 mL of detergent and stir until mixed.

After 96 h, the test and control cells were detached by cold 1 X D-PBS (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The total RNA from

In this process, the specialist separates the materials based on their size and composition of the DNA strands on a particular gel in the presence of electricity. The figure below displays the electrophoresis results (courtesy of How Stuff Works).

The extraction and purification of genomic DNA is essential as purified DNA serves as the starting point for the amplification of a gene within the DNA via the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). First and foremost, cell lysis or cell disruption must be done to release the cell contents to expose the DNA within the organism, detergents, basic or high salt solutions will then be used for DNA purification by dissociating other biomolecules such as proteins and lipids. DNA will finally be isolated through the use of organic reagents and centrifugation to facilitate collection of the precipitated DNA.

The chemical and reagents used for the extraction and quantitation of DNA were: Plant DNAzol (0.3ml/0.1g), 100% ethanol (100%: 0.225 ml/0.1 g, 75%: 0.3 ml/0.1 g), Chloroform (0.3 ml/0.1 g), Plant DNAzol-ethanol solution: Plant DNAzol, 100% ethanol (1:0.75 v/v), TE buffer (10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA pH 8.0), 1.2% agarose gel (Agarose, 1X TAE buffer), 6X loading buffer (glycerol, Tris/EDTA pH 8.0, ethidium bromide), .25X TAE buffer, Restriction enzymes and Restriction endonuclease buffers. All the chemicals used were quality grade. The restriction

Determination of concentration of crude extract was based on Bradford Coomassie brilliant blue assay which forms a complex between the protein dye and protein in solution which causes a shift in the maximum absorption of light that passes the dye from 465 to 595 nm (Bradford, 1976). The amount of light that passes through the protein solution is

The results obtained from Col-0 and Cvi-0 ecotypes concur with previous observations by Woodward & Lake (2008). In their study, the authors noted that the rate of photosynthesis in most crop varieties grown in temperate habitats, increases at 75-85%. Woodward & Lake (2008) also posited that the effects of low VPD on the rate of photosynthesis vary depending on environmental changes. In their experiment, Woodward & Lake (2008) also confirmed that 90% RH leads to reduction in stomatal aperture and subsequently, reduces photosynthetic activity in some temperate plant species. Perhaps, this explains the diminished photosynthetic activity observed among the C24 ecotypes via CFI-PAM analysis when exposed to 85% RH. Clearly, the C24 accessions

nucleic acids. The general goal of his research is to develop analytical technique, bio-diagnostic, and