Photosynthesis Lab Report

In cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are taken into the cells, then they are converted to carbon dioxide, water and ATP energy and some other energy. Some of the ATP energy is used in photosynthesis; a large amount of

In photosynthesis H+ ions are vital in the production of the energy source that is ATP, which is used in several metabolic processes, such as respiration. The photolysis of water produces H+ ions, electrons and O2. The excited electrons lose energy as they move along the electron transport chain, this energy is used to transport the H+ ions (protons) in to the thylakoid, which causes a higher concentration of H+ than there is in the stroma, thus causing a proton gradient across the membrane. The H+ then proceed to move down the concentration gradient into the stroma via the enzyme ATP synthase. The energy from this process is called chemiosmosis and combines ADP with inorganic phosphate (Pi) to form ATP. Light energy is then absorbed by photosystem I (PS I) which excites the electrons to a higher energy level. These electrons are transferred to NADP with H+ ions from the stroma to form reduced NADP. The whole of this process is

Like Photosynthesis, cellular respiration is also a redox reaction where glucose loses electrons and hydrogen atoms to produce carbon dioxide causing the glucose to become oxidized. At the same time, oxygen gains electrons and hydrogen atoms, reducing it to water.

This is when carbon enters the process. Before the reaction occurs, carbon dioxide gas must enter the stroma. 3 carbon dioxide molecules, along with 3 RuBP(ribulose biphosphate), are turned into a three carbon molecule called 3-PGA (3-Phosphoglyceric acid). That is then turned into 6 molecules of G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) using the ATP and NADPH, leaving depleted ADP and NADP to be recharged in the light dependent reactions. One G3P leaves the cycle and is then used directly as a source of energy, or two G3Ps can be converted into glucose.

There are also two big reactions that happen in photosynthesis, light-independent, and light-dependent. Light-dependent occurs in the Granum while the light-independent occurs in the

In the Z-pathway, photosystem II, pigments are excited by four photon in the antenna complex (phycobilisome), which passes the excitation along to the next pigment in the complex until it reaches the reaction center (chlorophyll a). The reaction center then uses the energy from the four photons to split two water molecules in an oxidation reaction, generating four electrons, four hydrogen ions and an oxygen molecule.

The light-dependent reactions starts inside Photosystem II. A photon is pulled in by a P680 chlorophyll molecule. When a chlorophyll molecule ingest light, the vitality from this light causes an electron within the chlorophyll molecule to a higher energy level. The chlorophyll molecule is activated. This reaction in photosynthesis changes light energy into chemical energy. When chlorophyll molecule gets initiated then the energy that is created from the light is sent from one P680 chlorophyll molecule to another until it arrive at the reaction center of Photosystem

Light dependent reactions occur in the chloroplasts of a plant. Inside of chloroplasts are membranes called thylakoids, a folded membranous structure that holds chlorophyll. In order for the plant to make glucose, the plant must harness light energy and change it into chemical energy. In light dependent reactions, the plant uses light energy to make ATP and NADPH. The ATP is used in the next stage of the reactions, the light independent, also known as the Calvin Cycle. The light first enters photosystems I and II. The photosystems contain chlorophyll to help them capture the light. The light excites electrons which then passes its energy to another pigment molecule. When it passes its energy on, the electron drops into a stable energy level

There are two stages of photosynthesis and they are light dependent and the light independent meaning exactly what they sound like one is dependent on sunlight and the other simply doesn’t need sunlight. The

phase of photosynthesis where light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP; results in the splitting of water and the release of oxygen light- independent reaction phase of photosynthesis where energy from light- dependent reactions is used to produce glucose and additional ATP molecules pigment molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight electron transport chain series of proteins embedded in a membrane along which energized electrons are transported; as electrons are passed from molecule to molecule, energy is released NADH+ electron carrier molecule Calvin cycle series of reactions during the light- independent phase of photosynthesis in which simple sugars are formed from carbon dioxide using ATP and hydrogen from the light- dependent reactions cellular respiration chemical process where mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP; the three stages are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain anaerobic chemical reactions that do not require the presence of oxygen aerobic chemical reactions that require the presence of oxygen glycolysis in cellular respiration, series of anaerobic chemical reactions in the cytoplasm that breaks down glucose into pyruvic acid; forms a net profit of 2 ATP molecules citric acid

The beginning of this cycle starts when two electrons on NADH are carried to the complex I. The hydrogen ion gradient is established by Complex I pumping four hydrogen ions across the membrane from the matrix into the cristae where the two

Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules; like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell. Cellular respiration produces CO2 as a metabolic waste. This CO2 binds with water to form carbonic acid, helping to maintain the blood’s pH. There are 3 stages of cellular respiration- glycolysis, the krebs cycle and electron transport chain (in order).Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Now, each excited electron passes from the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II to Photosystem I through an electron transport chain. This electron transport chain is made up of the electron carrier plastoquinone and a protein called plastocyanin. The exergonic fall of the electrons to a lower energy level provides energy for the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). As electrons pass through the cytochrome complex, the pumping of protons builds a protein gradient that is subsequently used in chemiosmosis. Meanwhile, light energy was transferred via light-harvesting complex pigments to the Photosystem I reaction-center complex, exciting an electron in the Photosystem I chlorophyll a pair. The photoexcited electron was then transferred to Photosystem I’s primary electron acceptor. The electrons falling from the electron transport chain can now be accepted by the pair of chlorophyll a molecules that just lost an electron. Now photoexcited electrons are passed in a series of redox reactions from the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem I down a second electron transport chain through the protein

In complex II, FADH2 is oxidized to FAD and donates 2 electrons to mobile carrier Coenzyme Q10 and passes those down the ETC. As electrons are passed on from one electron carrier to another, H^+ions are pumped through the electron carrier complexes from the matrix to the IMS. This results in a higher concentration of H^+ions on the side of IMS. Therefore an electrochemical gradient occurs. This concentration gradient is used to drive ATP synthase. As electrons flow back down their concentration gradient, every four H^+ions that flow through ATP synthetase, produce one ATP. Oxygen is the final acceptor of the ETC and accepts electrons to create water. Oxygen is vital for the reactions to take place. The production of metabolic water is the most efficient to produce ATP. The difference in the concentration gradient alone is enough to activate Pi to bind to ADP to create ATP. Human bodies need ATP for cellular activity and muscle

There are two photosystems, PS I and PS II. PS I has a 700 nm absorbing chlorophyll a P700 molecule at its reaction centre, while PS II has a P680 reaction centre that