Photosynthesis is a series of light driven reactions that convert energy poor compounds such as

Photosynthesis occurs each time the sun’s light reaches the lives of a plant. The chemical ingrediants for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2), a gas that passes from the air into a plant via tiny pores, and water (H20), which absorbed from the soil by the plant’s roots. Inside leaf cells, tiny structures called chloroplasts use light energy to rearrange the atoms of the ingrediants to produce sugars, most importantly glucose (C6H12O6) and other organic molecules. Chlorophyll gives the plant its green color (Simon, 02/2012, pp. 92-93). Chemical reactions transfers the sun’s light energy into the chemical bonds that hold energy-carrying molecules. The most common are

Scientists discovered that chloroplasts and mitochondria contain DNA similar to the DNA of certain bacteria, just as Margulis’s theory had predicted. Upon this data, Margulis extended her book and entitled it Symbiosis in Cell Evolution. Margulis then traveled, presenting and defending her theory, and her theory was becoming well accepted by her peers. “Margulis added that flagella and cilia (appendages and protuberances that many microbes use for motility) originated from spiral bacteria called spirochetes (Markov 10).” The second edition of her book, published in 1993, Margulis suggested that “symbiogenesis is a major factor in evolution, leading to the creation of new species via natural selection (Markov

In the endosymbiosis theory, Lynn Margulis proposed the origin and evolution of the mitochondrion and the chloroplast, two eukaryotic organelles (Bergstrom and Dugatkin, 2016). She hypothesized that these two organelles were not originally internal components of a eukaryotic ancestor,

University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. E J H Corner, 2002. The Life of Plants. University of Chicago Press,

Photosynthesis occurs in all green plants and is the beginning of nearly all food chains therefore a source of life to all living organisms. It is the process where plants transform light energy from the sun into chemical energy. By using light energy trapped by chlorophyll (light absorbing pigment), plants combine carbon dioxide and water to form glucose and oxygen.

Chloroplasts are important photosynthetic organelles that present in plant cells. It is believed that chloroplasts evolve from an endosymbiotic event; engulfment of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium by a large heterotrophic host cell (1, 2). During this process proteins in the cyanobacterium has been transferred to the nucleus and also the proteins that are essential for organelle biogenesis has been transferred to the cyanobacterium making it dependent on the host. Although chloroplast proteins have estimated to consist of 3500-4000 different types of polypeptides, the protein coding capacity in chloroplast genes is approximately 200 polypeptides (3, 4). This data further suggest that most of the proteins found in chloroplast are encode by nuclear genome and transport to the chloroplast. At least, a few proteins are use secretory pathway in which first targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum and then transfer to the chloroplast through vesicles (5-7).

Photosynthesis is an essential importance to organisms. It is the process by which green plants and a few organisms convert sunlight energy into chemical energy which is stored in molecules. Photosynthesis in green plants generally involves the

The Endosymbiotic theory is an assumption based on experience and/or limited information about the evolution of the cell. Bacteria are one of the oldest single cellular organisms. They began to make their own food using photosynthesis which then produced enough oxygen to reshape Earth 's atmosphere. This change brought upon diverse bacterial life which include clear evidence that chloroplasts and mitochondria were, at one point, crude bacterial cells. Over the years, chloroplasts and mitochondria became dependent on a host cell. After millions of years of evolution, chloroplasts and mitochondria cannot survive outside of the cell. This is the Endosymbiotic theory. Although this is labeled a theory, there is striking evidence that shows similarities in both bacteria, and mitochondria and chloroplasts. They all have their own DNA (separate from the nucleus), and they both use this DNA to produce proteins and enzymes for their functions.

The second important endosymbiotic event occurred as a result, in the acquisition of mitochondria by the earliest eukaryotes (Avissar et al., 2016). Mitochondria are responsible for aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells, and for a long time it was believed that they were simply organelles. But much like plastids in photoreactive eukaryotes, the evidence points to mitochondria having been absorbed by early eukaryotes, forming a symbiotic relationship in which the larger cell protected the smaller and provided a ready source of nutrients, and in turn the mitochondria allowed the larger cells to process all of the new molecular oxygen as an energy source to promote glycolysis (Cooper, 2000).

Abstract: Chloroplast were observed to question if high energy electrons are formed and how light intensity affects for photosynthesis. DCPIP (2,6- dichorophenol-indophenol) liberates high energy electrons, from the electron transport chain, that reduce DCPIP from blue (oxidized form) to clear (reduced form). In addition, chloroplasts were exposed to different levels of light intensity to indicate how intensity levels are necessary for photosynthesis. Expecting DCPIP to get reduced quicker in chloroplast exposed to higher luminosity levels and slower or not at all with lower luminosity levels; DCPIP is expected to stay in its oxidized state when exposed to low levels of light and is expected to get reduced and turn clear when exposed to higher levels of light.

Before eukaryotic cells contained organelles and worked symbiotically as one, life consisted of free-living bacteria. Organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, that are currently found in eukaryotic cells are theorized to have been separate bacteria before the evolutionary success of the eukaryotic cell. Such idea is proven through the endosymbiotic theory. This concept provides an evolutionary origin for the mitochondrion and chloroplast seen in organisms of today. This theory is held together by DNA evidence found within the organelles themselves. The mitochondrion alone contain its own genome enclosed in the form of circular DNA, as well as their own ribosomes and transfer RNA. Similarly, the chloroplasts have their own genome. When compared to their bacterial ancestors, these DNA sequences resemble that of the respective organelles. The DNA sequences of these genes provide clear evidence to the evolutionary success of the eukaryotic cell.

     Photosynthesis has a two-stage performance before plants produce the two products they are known to produce. These stages are Photosystem I and II. Photosystem II is dependant on light reactions for energy which causes the electrons to be react and be transferred to Photosystem II. The electrons are transported through the Photosystem II electron transport system, however some energy is used to drive ATP synthesis. Meanwhile, light is being absorbed by the Photosystem I, which causes the electrons to react. This process sends the electrons to the Photosystem I transport system where some energy is released as electrons travel through the electron transport system and is captured as NADPH. When this process is completed oxygen is released from the plant and glucose has been

Photosynthesis is an essential process for plants to prevent enthalpy, maintain metabolism and sustain to its environment. Photosynthesis allows plants to convert carbon dioxide to organic molecules using light as a source of energy. The key elements that are required for the process of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, and light. All the components needed for photosynthesis are used in small quantities as they have adverse effects on the plant, for example, if there is too much carbon dioxide, the spores of the plant reduce in size thus affecting respiration and evaporating (Carnegie Institution, 2010).

Photosynthesis is a key contributor to the survival of humans. Earth is an open system requiring the input energy to drive life processes. Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce chemical energy which is glucose. Photosynthesis deals with plant growth as well as being a source of energy and food. The four things needed for plant growth: energy in the form of solar radiation, carbon in the form of carbon dioxide, mineral nutrients and water (Kirk, 1994). In order for plants to be able to conduct photosynthesis plants need chloroplasts. Chloroplasts, green colored cells depending on the plant, are a plastid that contains chlorophyll and

     Photosynthesis is a biochemical process in which plant, algae, and some bacteria harness the energy of light to produce food. Nearly all living things depend on energy produced from photosynthesis for their nourishment, making it vital to life on Earth. It is also responsible for producing the oxygen that makes up a large portion of the Earth¡¦s atmosphere. Factors that affect photosynthesis are light intensity and wave length, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature.