Phylogenetic Analysis Of Serrotype O Strainss

A zoonotic disease is a disease that can be transmitted from animal to human (Weber, 2005 p485). Different pets put people at different health related risk. Birds can can carry and spread germs to people. Some species may carry Salmonella or Chlamydia psittaci. It is unlikely to get sick from dogs and cats however, they may still be a health risk due to germs they may carry. These germs may result in a bacterial disease if not dealt with properly. Fish, amphibians, and reptiles all put you at risk for Salmonella (Weber, 2005). With all these infections and diseases lingering on pets, young children and people with decrease immune systems are in danger. Also if pets aren’t cleaned after and groomed properly this could increase the risk.

* Complex includes: Alfuy, Cacipacore, Japanese encephalitis, Koutango, Kunjin, Murray Valley encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Rocio, Stratford, Usutu, West Nile, and Yaounde viruses.

SNV is believed to be transmitted horizontally amongst deer mice through exchanges of body fluid which may increase with aggressive behaviors amongst individuals, such

Mosquitos are the main transmitter of this virus. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), pigs and birds are also part of the transmission cycle, which increases the risk of infection to people living near these animals. According to WHO, there are twenty-four countries that have a risk of infection, particularly in the South-East region of Asia and the Western Pacific.

MCD has thought to spread from one cow to another by them eating food that was made from meat and bone from a contaminated cow carcasses. (Division of Communication and Consumer Affairs,Office of Communication,

JH van der Kolk and EJB Veldhuuis Kroeze classify West Nile Virus as, “a member of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, and has a broad vertebrate host range” (Infectious Diseases of the Horse pg141). West Nile was first identified in humans in Uganda, Africa’s West Nile district in 1937. The first identified case in an equine was in 1960. The first confirmed case of West Nile within the United States happened in Queens, New York in the October of 1999 affecting both birds and horses. We are not entirely sure how West Nile made the trip over to the U.S., (there are over 13 different theories) but the favorite seems to be per smugglers. In 2001, the virus moved rapidly north to south, which has been contributed to migration routes of birds carrying the virus. West Nile arrived in California in 2003, less than four years after reaching North America.

The US 95/96 was the first reported pandemic GII.4 strain which caused 55% outbreaks of AGE in the US during the winter of 1995-1996 (70). This variant later spread to five different continents including Australia, where it was prevalent from 1997-2000 (71, 72). In 2002, a new GII.4 variant emerged which was associated with 64% of NoV outbreaks on cruise ships and 45% land-based outbreaks in the US (15). NoV illness caused by the 2002 variant was also significantly observed in Europe and Canada (39, 73). This variant was named the Farmington Hills virus which was replaced by the Hunter 2004 strain that first appeared in NSW in February 2004 (74). Subsequent outbreaks associated with the Hunter virus were reported in New Zealand, Japan,

Flavivirus is a group of single-stranded RNA viruses in Flaviviridae family that are causative agents of public health diseases such as Murray Valley encephalitis and West Nile fever. Since 1917, arboviral encephalitis has some sporadic occurrences in south-eastern Australia due to heavy rainfall following by widespread flooding that caused to enhance the population of water birds and mosquito vectors (Doherty, 1977). MVEV was first found and isolated from the passed away encephalitis patients in 1951 around Murray Valley. It was called ‘Australian encephalitis’ at the time, which covered WNV/KUNV and other flaviviruses infection (Anderson, 1954). However, the investigation later suggested that these viruses are causing different diseases (Doherty

Inoculation may be from cutaneous or mucosal lesions on the animal, especially when the skin barrier is compromised secondary to bites, scratches, or trauma. Transmission can also occur from animal reservoirs from Western Africa (prairie dogs, rabbits, rats, mice, squirrels, dormice, monkeys, porcupines, gazelles). Additionally, direct cutaneous (skin-to-skin) or respiratory contact with an animal or person who is infected can transmit the

Virologic surveillance studies in different populations of bats have suggested that they are probable reservoirs for this novel coronavirus. Furthermore, evidence from several sources implicates dromedary camels as natural hosts and the likely source of zoonotic transmission of MERS-CoV. In camels, MERS-CoV infection has a benign course. However, each of the infected camels shed large quantities of virus from the upper respiratory tract. Infectious viral particles were detected in nasal secretions up to 7 days and viral RNA up to 35 days post inoculation. This pattern of shedding and propensity for the upper respiratory tract infection in dromedary camels may help explain the lack of systemic illness among infected camels. It also may help explain the means of camel-to-camel and camel-to-human transmission. Furthermore, studies in camels failed to show any correlation between RNA copies and levels of neutralizing antibodies suggesting limited immune protection and potential for reinfection despite previous exposure. A prospective study of a dromedary camel herd during the 2013-14 calving season showed MERS-CoV infected both calves and adults. However, MERS-CoV virus was detected more frequently in young animals (4 years of age). Viral detection peaked between the months of November and January and declined between March and

It has been previously reported that there is significant association between viremia or seroconversion to BVDV and outbreaks of respiratory tract infection in feedlot animals (Fulton et al. 200; Fulton et al. 2002; Loneragan et al. 2005). Also, Booker et al. (2008) observed that animals reared in pens contained PI animals had more respiratory tract infection and mortalities in comparison to animals reared in pens free from PI animals.

BVDV isolation in cell culture, followed by identification, is considered as the most reliable method for diagnosis. Many different clinical samples are suitable for BVDV isolation during the viremia stage as nasal discharges, peripheral blood leukocytes, serum, semen, aborted fetuses and feces. However, presence of maternal antibodies in serum and buffy coat samples from newly born animals may neutralize the virus and decrease the sensitivity of virus isolation. Virus isolation methods are labor intensive and may take several weeks. Furthermore, virus isolation cannot differentiate between PI animals and transiently infected animals. The FBS used as supplement for propagation of cell lines should be tested for BVDV contamination before usage to avoid false positive results.

A number of studies have supported the theory that the virus had originally occurred in animals previous to human infections.5 The MERs-CoV virus is a type of coronavirus that has been known for infecting both birds and many species of mammals. These types of infections are commonly referred to as zoonotic diseases because the pathogens are able to be transferred from animals to humans. Zoonosis can happen with or without a vector in order to spread the infection. Although the exact origin of the MERs-CoV infections is unknown, there has been convincing research performed that has found related types of coronaviruses in bats and camels. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the coronavirus is found in multiple species and can cause respiratory illness and gastrointestinal upset.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease carried by viruses that affects many types of livestock including cattle, sheep, hogs, and goats. It is known as one of the problematic diseases in herds because it is so contagious, and can be both acute and prolonged. When infected, the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) propagates quickly and causes vesicular disease in the feet and mouth of the animal (virology journal). The symptoms of FMD include fever, blisters on the feet and in the mouth, weight loss, decrease appetite, lameness, reduced milk production, and possibly blisters on teats (“Foot-and-mouth”). If not treated immediately, the virus can spread quickly within the herd, result in high expenses to manage the disease, and occasionally mortality.

Alphaviruses, including Sindbis virus (SINV) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV), are major contributors to the group of Arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses). Circulating mainly in a sylvatic, enzootic cycle, CHIKV occasionally spills over into human populations starting in rural areas with small outbreaks. Migration of infected individuals probably results in urban introduction. CHIKF is a zoonotic and vector borne disease. Its major transmission