Physics : Atomic Force Microscopy

2) Electron Microscope (EM) uses a beam of electrons to resolve electrons, better resolving powers than light microscope M:100,000x RP 0,2 nanometer

Of the alcohols tested 1-Butanol was found to contain the strongest intermolecular forces (IMF) of attraction, with Methanol containing the weakest. It was discovered through experimentation that Methanol induced the highest ?T of all alcohols tested, and that conversely 1-Butanol induced the lowest ?T. The atomic structure of all four alcohols is very similar, as starting with 1-Butanol a CH2 group is lost as you move from 1-Butanol to 1-Propanol to Ethanol and then again to Methanol. Each structure is fairly linear and contains an H-bond with Oxygen, so the real change is found in the loss of the CH2 group, this lowers the liquid’s Molecular Mass, thus lowering the London forces as you move from 1-Butanol through

A line of response (LOR) indicates what two crystals detected the event. A unique line of response is identified by the angle and the radius of a perpendicular back to the center of the field of view. As additional events are detected, the lines of response are recorded. Each LOR is plotted using polar coordinates (angle vs. radius). The composite results in a sinusoidal plot of LORs through a single point and is referred to as a sinogram. The sinogram is comprised of numerous, overlapping single point plots. The matrix size of the sinogram is related to the size of the transverse field of view. Following acquisition, filtered back projection algorithms are applied to the data to produce the image.

The illuminating parts of a microscope enable us to see the detail of the subject placed under the microscope. The three main parts that enable us to do this are: the condenser which illuminates the object that is placed under the microscope, the objectives which forms the magnified image, and the eyepiece which enables us to see the magnified

To make the specimen compatible with both forms of advanced microscopy, they sufficiently prepared samples by coupling the specimen with a fluorescence that was also conductive. This technique was accomplished with the FlouroNanogold label, which contains gold nanoparticles covalently bonded to a fluorescence label. That way, the LM worked as well as the EM for the same set of kinetochores that were being studied. The Hec1 protein was stained in this case because this protein naturally delineates the structures to be studied.

In the nucleus of an atom there are protons and neutrons the number of protons and neutrons depends on the element and ,if it is an isotope of that element. E.g. carbon 12, carbon 12 has six neutrons six protons and 6 electrons . Electrons are located around the nucleus of the atom. Electrons are in shells, the shell closest to the nucleus is 1 , the one after 2 and so on. Each shell can only hold up to a certain number of electrons . the first can hold up to 2 , the second 8 (2+6) the third up to 18 (2+6+10). The general formula for finding out how many electrons a shell can hold is 2n^2. Electrons have a negative charge , while protons have a positive and neutrons have no charge. A atom has the same number of protons and electrons. An ion is formed when an atom loses or gains a electrons .

Using the microscope provided to analyze the different size of the different cells and organisms

Below are the “Big Ideas” from throughout the year, as well as the two prompts that I would like you to address about each. Respond to the prompts (labeled “a” and “b”) by typing your answers below them. Please do NOT use bold or italicized font for your answers.

Fine adjustment - The fine adjustment is going to be a knob that does not move the stage up and down, but instead will bring your specimen into focus. When moving the scanning objective lenses, you will always use the fine adjustment instead of the coarse adjustment to refocus the specimen.

Coarse adjustment: it is present on the arm of microscope. Used to move the object with the slides back or forward to adjust the slides bring it to focus and show clear image as possible.

“They’re used in atomic force microscopy to trace the contours of samples, like the gold dots currently in that microscope. If the tips aren’t that sharp, the topography they determine won’t be as accurate.”

The electrons have a higher wavelength than photons of light hence the resolving power is greater. The beam of electrons are produced by a heated filament ,focussed on the specimen by the condenser lens and the image then magnified by the objective and projector lenses. The beam can be bent and focussed by electromagnetic

Procedure: First, set up the microscope. Clean the ocular lenses and objectives with lens paper. Then pace the prepared e slide on the stage and make adjustments. Turn the rotating nosepiece until the 10x objective is above the ring of light coming through the slide. Move the slide using the X and Y stage knobs until the specimen is within the view. Adjust the focus by looking into the eyepiece and focusing the specimen with the coarse then fine focus knobs. Adjust diaphragm until there is sufficient light

Most microscopes, including those in schools and laboratories today, are optical microscopes. They use glass lenses to enlarge, or magnify, an image. An optical microscope cannot produce an image of an object smaller than the length of the light wave in use. To see anything smaller than 2,000 angstroms (about 1/250,000 of an inch) a wave of shorter length would

“The prefix ‘nano’ stems from the ancient Greek word for ‘dwarf’. In science, it means one billionth (10 to the minus 9) of something, thus a nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a meter, or 0.000000001 meters. A nanometer is about three to five atoms wide, or some 40,000 times smaller than the thickness of human hair. A virus is typically 100 nm in size.” (Paddock) “The ability to manipulate structures and properties at the nanoscale in medicine is like having a sub-microscopic lab bench on which you can handle cell components, viruses or pieces of DNA, using a range of tiny tools, robots and tubes.” (Paddock) There is one type of microscope in the world that has the ability to see things at the nano scale. That microscope is a scanning tunneling microscope. It has the ability to zoom in on an object by 1,000,000 times as the average high school and college microscope only reaches 100(Nano.gov).