Physics : Particle Shape Distribution

After the experiment, I thought about and considered that if the rate of the reaction in which the alka seltzer tablet dissolves is related to the surface area, so by increasing the surface are it will increase the rate of reaction to when the tablet dissolves in the water. By timing the tablet has it dissolved with the water, the water began to fizz up. My hypothesis was proven correct how I said that the surface are of a half crushed tablet will dissolve faster, I had hypothesized right. It had been that the half crushed tablet had dissolved much faster then the other areas. By increasing the surface area the reaction rate of the tablet will dissolve much faster.

This is because when looking at the powder through a hand lens, you can see the crystals of sugar and salt, and when you feel the powder between your fingers, a powdery residue is left on your fingers, much like baking soda.

6. The solubility of the solids were tested using a micro tray, by placing them in water and oil to observe their polarity,

Nanocrystals are made up of drug with only little amount of surfactant (below critical micelle concentration (CMC)) to stabilize formulation [14]. Most of the nanoparticles are made up of large amount of excipients which is not the case with nanocrystals as most of the part is only the drug. Besides lower amount of stabilizers makes toxicity issues associated with nanosuspensions negligible and offers ease of scale-up and better physical stability compared to amorphous form [15, 16]. Different methods are classified as top-down (high pressure homogenization, media milling, and sonication) and bottom-up techniques (nanoprecipitation) for effective production of Nanocrystals [17]. Development of nanocrystal based formulation of risperidone can be advantageous to tackle the problem of poor water solubility. Numerous solidification techniques are used to increase physical stability of nanosuspensions as spray drying, lyophilization and many more based upon the properties of drug and characteristics of final formulation. Amongst all these techniques lyophilization is used predominantly for nanosuspension solidification.

Our task was to identify the powder in each bag containing different amounts of moles. The mole provides a standard unit of measure that can be used to compare a wide variety of substances. A mole of atoms gives you a physical representation of what a single atom. The molar mass is the total mass of an element divided by one mole in that element. The molar mass can be used as a physical property to identify unknowns by converting it to moles and seeing which one is the closest to the moles in the bag. Our guiding question to answer was: “What are the identities of the unknown compounds?”

This investigation looked at how different solutes dissolved in water affected the height of a bottle rocket. The hypothesis that was being investigated was that if an aqueous solution with a higher viscosity was launched in a bottle rocket, then the height of the rocket will be higher. The reason why this particular hypothesis was being tested is because, from the data we would be able to calculate what the best powder to dissolve or mix in water.

A study was performed to determine the diffusion rate of two substances. One crystal from each substance was placed in separate medium filled Petri dishes. Substance A has a molecular mass of 164 atomic mass units (amu) and substance B has a molecular mass of 326 amu.

The smaller the pieces of a solid is, the quicker the reactant react. It is normal that a powdered solid will develop a faster reaction than the mass being the same amount but is presented as a large chunk. The solid that was in a powder form has a greater surface than the solid that was presented as a large chunk. An example of this theory is with the powder reacting to gas, it would be easier for the gas to penetrate its way through the little particles of the powder. If the object was in a chunk, it would take a really long time for gas to penetrate through the object or it may not even penetrate it. As predicted, the powdered solution dissolved faster than the rest as there was less surface area for it to react on. Having a small surface

Before I start the experiment, I predicted that all crystal form solutes would dissolve while powder form solutes will not, but my prediction was partially supported. A baking soda was a one that showed an unexpectedly result because even though it is in a powder form, it dissolved in the water. Except for a baking soda, everything could be observed from what I predicted. Sugar and salt, which are in a crystal form dissolved in water and had high solubility while flour and cornstarch, which are in a powder form didn’t dissolve and had low solubility.

The graph's shape is an upward slope. It starts with zero then increases upwards. At three seconds, the position is increased more than the usual, as well as in eight seconds. This reveals that the tennis ball is not going to have the same constant speed. While the time increases in this experiment, so does the position.

In the future one could test the effects of different conditions on the rate at which antacid tablets will dissolve. Combining the different surface sizes with another element could show us different results from the data previously collected in this experiment.

Say you are presented with two beakers, beaker A and beaker B, each containing a white, powdery compound.

Xylitol is an attractive natural sweetener polyol that is commonly used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations. The most prominent disadvantage of xylitol in pharmaceuticals is its unsuitability for tableting by direct compression. The objective of this study was to develop stable xylitol particles with modified physical properties, improved compactibility and enhanced biopharmaceutical performance without altering its polymorphic form. Xylitol was crystallized using antisolvent crystallization technique in the presence of various hydrophilic polymer additives, i.e., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) at a range of concentrations. Crystallized xylitol without additive and xylitol crystallized in the presence of PVP and PVA demonstrated significant improvement in hardness of directly compressed tablets; however, such improvement was not observed for xylitol crystallized in the presence of PEG. Crystallized xylitols produced enhanced dissolution profiles of indomethacin in comparison to parent xylitol. The influence of additive concentration on tablet hardness was dependent on the type of additive, whereas an increased concentration of all additives brought an improvement in the dissolution behaviour of indomethacin. The highest total desirability was achieved from xylitol crystallized in the presence of the highest concentration of PVP (1.2% w/v).The crystallization process did not influence the stable polymorphic form or

It has been previously reported that the micrometric properties of engineered crystals (e.g. size and shape) could differ significantly by using a small amount of an ‘effective additive’ (Davey, 1982). Particle size distribution (PSD) for commercial xylitol and crystallized xylitol in the presence or the absence of different additives varied considerably

A great number of drugs available on the market contain an active ingredient that is poorly soluble in water and has a low dissolution rate. Various approaches to improve these properties exist. One of the most common approaches is the production of a solid dispersion (SD), whereas the use of porous carriers, such as calcium carbonate, also proved to be potential.