Physio-Ex Blood Analysis: Computer Simulation

Identity that which we all struggle to find. Miklo is the very same case in Taylor Hackford’s Blood In Blood Out who struggles to prove himself as a Chicano due to his white skin however culturally Miklo is as Chicano as anyone in Onda. The most important part of this dynamic, is that when Miklo gets arrested for killing spider, a rival gang leader, the prison gang system is divided by race and skin color all which he is stuck in the middle of. In prison, is where he would meet Magic a member of spider’s gang which openly fought with Miklo’s gang Vatos Locos. They quickly become friends despite their previous conflicts and confrontations between the two gangs because as Popeye mentioned everything is determined by race. This is relevant as in

To explain the ABO and Rh blood groups and to identify the universal donor and the universal acceptor (recipient).

Hematocrit is the proportion of total blood volume that is composed of erythrocytes (red blood cells). Hematocrit levels vary depending on what altitude the jarak is accustom to. Some rainforest can be as low 900 meters above sea level, or they can be as high as 1,500 meters above sea level. Jaraks in lower altitudes have a hematocrit of 49% in males and 46% in female. These levels increase with altitude due to the lesser amount of oxygen in the air. For every 100 meters the jarak rises in altitude their hematocrit levels increase by 1%. A male jarak at 1,500 meters has a hematocrit level of 55%, and a female jarak has a hematocrit level of 52%.

These tests also help nurses and physicians to see the fluctuations that take place from time of admission. The patient came in with low RBC’s which may be caused by her chronic kidney failure. Erythropoietin is excreted by the kidneys to gather more red blood cells. When the kidneys are not functioning, this may inhibit the excretion of erythropoietin, causing a low red blood cell count. She also came in with low hemoglobin levels which indicates anemia which also goes hand in hand with her low red blood cell count because hemoglobin is a protein located within red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body and tissues. E.M. lastly appeared to have low hematocrit levels this again, is associated with the patient's anemia this is the proportion of blood that contains red blood cells, and in this patient's case is very

American Association of Blood Banks (AABB), confirmed that it is possible to determine the Rh phenotypes and the probable genotypes (26 – 28), by determine the presence or absence of the five major Rh antigens (D, C, E, c, and e). Therefore the assortment of antigens detected on a person’s red cells, constitutes the person’s Rh phenotype. (Table 1-4) illustrates the prediction pattern of the probable Rh phenotypes based on the results of tests with the five principal Rh blood typing reagents.

Rat blood was tested in different solutions with different concentrations to test if hemolysis of the red blood cells would occur. This was tested by using a index card behind the test tubes to see if the lines were clearly visible enough through the solution meaning which could concur hemolysis. Urea and water were the only solutions permeable to the red blood cell's membrane. The red blood cell's lysed causing

In terms of human blood transfusion with currently 50 defined blood group antigens out of which only five are important. The most significant of Rhesus (RH) antigen is the D antigen because it is the most likely to provoke an immune system responseof the five main Rhesus (Rh) antigens. Red blood cells (RBC) surface of an individual may or may not have a Rhesus (Rh) factor or immunogenic D antigen. The status is accordingly indicated as either Rh positive (D antigen present) or Rh negative (D antigen absent). In contrast to the ABO blood group system, it is common for D negative individuals not have any anti-D immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, because anti-D antibodies are not customary produced by sensitization against environmental substances, unless the circulatory system of these individuals has been exposed to D positive red blood cells (RBCs). These immune antibodies are immunoglobulin G (IgG) in nature and hence, can cross the placenta. However, D negative individuals can produce immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-D antibodies following a sensitizing event: possibly a fetomaternal transfusion of blood from fetus in pregnancy or sometimes a blood transfusion with D positive red blood cells (RBCs). Prophylaxis is given against Rhesus (Rh) immunization using anti D Immunoglobulin for pregnant Rh-negative mothers who given birth to Rh-positive

Blood plays an essential role in the overall function of the body. It consists of formed elements, leukocytes and erythrocytes. The erythrocytes are formed during a process called hematopoiesis within the red bone marrow. The condition of these formed erythrocytes can attribute to many different blood disorders. More specifically a commonly known disorder known as anemia. Anemia is denoted as a condition where either the red blood cells have decreased significantly or the amount of hemoglobin within the cells has decreased, which in turn will decrease the amount of oxygen that reaches the tissues during transportation. Anemia comes in many different forms. They all affect the transportation of oxygen as well as general body function in terms of physical health. To detect anemia, a red blood cell count may performed to obtain the hematocrit, or the volume of red blood cells in the total volume of blood. If the red blood cell count is low, this can be an indication of anemia.

Anemia is a decrease in the competence of blood to carry adequate amounts of oxygen to the tissue resulting from an insufficient concentration of hemoglobin (McKenzie & Otto, 2015). The Hemoglobin and hematocrit are used to screen for the presence of anemia. A small sample of blood in a capillary tube is needed for the hematocrit test and an anticoagulated tube of blood is used for the hemoglobin (Hematocrit, 2015). Both of these samples are then looked at using instruments in the laboratory to determine the amount of hemoglobin in the blood and the percent of hematocrit. Hemoglobin and

Every person on earth has a specific bloody type these blood types are categorised by the different antigens found in the blood cells of people of each type. The reason as to why blood types have to be categorised is because if the wrong type of blood is given to a person who is for example having an organ transplant then the body will automatically be able to detect if the blood type is wrong by rejecting the organ which has been transplanted. The main reason as to why science doesn’t yet fully have an understanding of blood types is because there is many other blood groups other than A,B and O. The antigens which can be found in specific blood types isn’t yet fully understood as scientists still do not the main purpose of these antigens.

Hematocrit is the percentage of your blood volume made up by red blood cells. Normal levels are normally between 34.9 and 44.5 percent for adult women and 38.8 to 50 percent for adult men. These values may change depending on your age. Lower than normal hemoglobin levels means that you may have anemia. The normal hemoglobin range is generally defined as 13.5 to 17.5 g/dL of blood for men and 12.0 to 15.5 g/dL for women. The normal ranges for children vary depending on the child's age and sex. Ferritin, a protein that helps store iron in your body can be tested as well. Low level of ferritin usually specifies a low level of stored iron. If your blood work indicates iron deficiency anemia, your doctor may order additional tests to identify a hidden cause as to why you may have this blood disorder. Some tests include endoscopy, which is a procedure where a thin, lighted tube equipped with a video camera is passed down your throat to your stomach. This allows your doctor to view your esophagus — the tube that runs from your mouth to your stomach — and your stomach to look for sources of bleeding. To cross out lower intestinal sources of bleeding, your doctor may recommend a procedure called colonoscopy. A thin, flexible tube equipped with a video camera is inserted into the rectum and guided to your colon. You're usually put to sleep during this test. A colonoscopy allows your doctor to view inside some or all of your colon and rectum to look for internal bleeding. A pelvic ultrasound may be conducted to look for the cause of excessive period bleeding as

However, due to our further develop understanding of the intricate issues regarding the immune system’s reactions to incompatible donor blood cells, type o- blood is no longer automatically seen as being suitable in almost every case (Bb). If a person, who didn’t have one of the ABO blood types had a blood transfusion with type o- blood that will cause a mismatch that will be responsible in triggering a life threatening transfusion reaction (wm). Also, it may cause the patient to go into anaphylactic shock, which, if not injected with epinephrine right away will lead to death or unconsciousness

Platelet counts the number of platelets per microliters. Hematocrit measures the percent of red blood cells within a volume of blood (Notes ). Following is the hemoglobin analysis which is a protein within the blood. When oxygen gives blood its color a person can tell what percent that person is at in relation to female or male. The indices indicate two calculation of the cells within the body. The group did these and counted fifty cells within the body and doubled the numbers after the calculation was reached. If everything was correct the hemoglobin test should come back normal. If it comes back abnormal then there could have been human error, calculation error, or it could be within a person’s

Blood grouping involves the use of ABO system as described by Karl Landsteiner. The grouping came into existence in the year 1900 after discovery by Nobel Prize winner Karl Landsteiner. He first discovered three blood types A, B, and O, but after two years he discovered the fourth blood group AB. This discovery led to four major types of blood that includes A, AB, B and O. The grouping depends on the presence of two chief antigens and antibodies. The two antigens responsible for blood grouping include A and B while the antibodies include anti-A and anti-B. The combination of the two antigens and antibodies thus determines the blood types. The blood type A has antigen A and antibody anti-B. The blood group B express Antigen B and antibody anti-A (Reid and Lomas, 2004). Blood group O express no antigen but possess antibodies

There are many dangers associated with blood transfusion which are not the main aim for this article, but my major concern in this article is the area of screening of donor's blood for transfusion.