Physiologic Value of Food

* Growth and reconstructions of new cells and tissues as energy is necessary to supply biochemical reaction that then is building larger organic molecules

1) Amylase is utilized to break down starch molecules into more simple sugars for use by the body. It performs this function by hydrolyzing glycosidic linkages in the polysaccharide chain.

specific enzyme (Knowles, 1991). One part of the enzyme, salivary amylase, is that alpha amylase is in the saliva of most animals because this enzyme breaks down starch (Jacobsen, Melvaer, Hensten- Pettersen, 1972). In the presence of starch, this enzyme is present in saliva, but is not present when there is no starch present (Jacobsen, Melvaer, Hensten- Pettersen, 1972). The conditions for salivary amylase to have a reaction with starch would change in temperature and enzyme concentration, as well as, monitoring the pH levels (Jacobsen, Melvaer, Hensten- Pettersen, 1972). Salivary amylase is an enzyme is human saliva that helps in digestion of specific substrates, such as starch (Hudman, Friend, Hartman, Ashton, Catron, 1957). It breaks down starch molecules by splitting maltose from the non-reducing end of a gluten molecule (Jacobsen, Melvaer, Hensten-Pettersen, 1972).

In this lab experiment the action of the enzyme Amylase was observed on starch (the substrate). Amylase changed the starch into a simpler form, the sugar maltose, which is soluble in water. Maltose then breaks down the glucose chains of starch in the pancreas and intestines. Amylase is present in human saliva, and begins to act on the starch in the food while still in the mouth. Exposure to heat or extreme PH (acid or base) will denature proteins. Enzymes, including amylase, are proteins; if denatured enzymes can no longer act as a catalyst for the reaction. In the presence of potassium iodide, starch turns a dark purple color; however maltose does not react with I2KI. The rate of fading of starch allows a quantitative measurement of reaction rate.

Chemical change results in one or more substances of entirely different composition. Chemical change requires a chemical reaction.

triggers the opening of the ileocecal valve, allowing materials to pass from the small intestine into the large intestine.

Write 50- to 200-word responses to each of the following questions based your findings. Use your own words and provide examples to support your answers.

Explain expediency and benefits of their intake and excretionThe digestion of carbohydrate begins in the mouth, and then the salivary gland moistens the food as the food is chewed. The salivary glands have an enzyme called amylase. The amylase is a catalyst that helps in the breakdown of polysaccharides Carbohydrate food. After eating the carbohydrate food into pieces with the help of amylase, it is swallowed to the stomach (chyme) through the oesophagus, at chyme, no digestion takes place. The salivary amylase stops action, and the stomach produces acid that destroys any bacteria. From the stomach, the chyme enters the small intestine (duodenum), the pancreas releases an enzyme called pancreatic amylase that helps in the splitting of polysaccharide into disaccharide. The small intestine t produces maltase, lactase, sucrose. These are enzymes that aids in splitting the disaccharides into monosaccharides.How did the carbohydrate, fats, and proteins differ in digestion process? Explain suitability and benefits of their intake and excretion. (Atoba, MA 1988) The intestinal bacteria help in digesting carbohydrates that refused to digest like other carbohydrates or excreted with faces.Example of carbohydrate foods are bread,Paste,

People have lost sight of the common denominator with all the finger pointing, when it comes to the intriguing argument of whom or what determines what we eat. Individuals have forgotten the process of supply and demand, democracy, and most important individual choices.

Recorded Protein, Carbohydrates, and Lipid Intake On the three consecutive recorded days, my respective breakfast intake of Protein was 29 grams, 3 grams, and 21 grams; my respective breakfast intake of Carbohydrates was 80 grams, 11 grams, and 12 grams; and my respective breakfast intake of total Lipids was 53 grams, 36 grams, and 21 grams (Rinzler, 2004). On the three consecutive recorded days, my respective lunch intake of Protein was 17 grams, 28 grams, and 31 grams; my respective lunch intake of Carbohydrates was 27 grams, 38 grams, and 49 grams; and my respective lunch intake of total Lipids was 33 grams, 56 grams, and 22 grams (Rinzler, 2004). On the three consecutive recorded days, my respective dinner intake of Protein was 30 grams, 26 grams, and 31 grams; my respective dinner intake of Carbohydrates was 57 grams, 14 grams, and 32 grams; and my respective dinner intake of total Lipids was 32 grams, 23 grams, and 16 grams (Rinzler, 2004).

In addition, enzymes are highly specific since they act on substrates, which bind within the active site usually through weak interactions.” (3) There are three main types of enzymes in our digestive system including amylase, protease, and lipase. In particular, these enzymes are classified based on their target substrates, and they are also produced by different parts of the digestive tract. Imagine when we take our first bite of a meal, the food then enters our mouth, which is the beginning of the digestive tract. We then chew the food to break it down into smaller pieces that are readily digested. Meanwhile, amylase, which is secreted by the mouth and found in the saliva, “begins to split long and complex starch (polysaccharide) into smaller and simple sugar such as maltose (disaccharide).” (4) Further digestion is also required to break down maltose into glucose (monosaccharide) with the help of maltase. As a consequence, “when we chew breads slowly and thoroughly, we taste sweet on our tongue because amylase in the saliva is breaking carbohydrates down into their component sugars.” (5) The equation for this process is represented as

To test enzyme activity, an experiment was conducted in the laboratory. In this experiment, the enzyme Amylase was chosen because it assists disassemble the polysaccharide starch. Starch is the main energy storage in plants. Human cells need the energy of stored in the starch to be introduced in the form of Maltose. Maltose is a simple sugar that can be used to generate the energy needed to power cellular work

In this lab our group observed the role of pancreatic amylase in the digestion of starch and the optimum temperature and pH that affects this enzyme. Enzymes are located inside of cells that increase the rate of a chemical reaction (Cooper, 2000). Most enzymes function in a narrow range of pH between 5 through 9 (Won-Park, Zipp, 2000). The temperature for which enzymes can function is limited as well ranging from 0 degrees Celsius (melting point) to 100 degrees Celsius (boiling point)(Won-Park, Zipp, 2000). When the temperature varies in range it can affect the enzyme either by affecting the constant of the reaction rate or by thermal denturization of the particular enzyme (Won-Park, Zipp, 2000). In this lab in particular the enzyme, which was of concern, was pancreatic amylase. This type of amylase comes from and is secreted from the pancreas to digest starch to break it down into a more simple form called maltose. Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two monosaccharides of glucose. The presence of glucose in our experiment can be identified by Benedicts solution, which shows that the reducing of sugars has taken place. If positive the solution will turn into a murky reddish color, where if it is negative it will stay clear in our reaction. We can also test if no reduction of sugars takes place by an iodine test. If starch is present the test will show a dark black color (Ophardt, 2003).

In bread making for example addition of amylases can yield more sugars from the starch in flour and barley grains, another commercial which is statue of import ants is the conversion of starch to sweet glucose syrups which are used generally as sweeteners in food industry as well as in the bread-making and brewing industry. Altering the balance between amyloglucosidase and the fungi alpha amylase can produce different proportions of glucose and maltose. A higher proportion of glucose is useful for fermentation whereas higher maltose is more useful in preparation of jam and confectionary. The Amylase Enzyme breaks down starch; which is a carbohydrate.

The objective of this lab was to assess the effect that temperature and pH had on pancreatic amylase. Amylase is an enzyme involved in digestion and is secreted by both the pancreas and salivary glands (Pandol, 2010). Both salivary and pancreatic amylase display the same enzymatic activities through their role in the digestion of starch (Pandol, 2010). The goal of both salivary and pancreatic amylase is to hydrolyze starch thus breaking down the polysaccharide into a disaccharide such as maltose (Pandol, 2010). As a result, amylase breaks down these sugars making them more easily absorbed in the body during digestion (Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, 2015). Through this lab we learned about the role of pancreatic amylase and how this enzyme operates under certain conditions.