Physiological Differences

Introduction: In this experiment, cardiovascular fitness is being determined by measuring how long it takes for the test subjects' to return to their resting heart rate. Cardiovascular fitness is the ability to "transport and use oxygen while exercising" (Dale 2015). Cardiovascular fitness utilizes the "heart, lungs, muscles, and blood working together" while exercising (Dale 2015). It is also how well your body can last during moderate to high intensity cardio for long periods of time (Waehner 2016). The hypothesis is that people who exercise for three or more days will return to their resting heart rate much faster than people who only exercise for less than three days.

The Wingate Anaerobic Test is used to evaluate anaerobic cycling performance. This study was undertaken to determine whether there is a relationship between peak power and fatigue index for endurance (n=9) vs power (n=4) athletes. A total of 13 subjects, including 8 males and 5 females, were included in the study. The subjects were divided into sporting types, such as endurance and power. Data collected from the Wingate test included peak power (W), mean power (W), time to peak (S), minimum power (W) and fatigue index (%). When the peak power and fatigue index were considered together for endurance athletes, a significant relationship

You may list, as students report out, the physiological changes to the respiratory, cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and urinary systems expected during strenuous exercise and as noted in the case of the cyclist, Joe. Students will respond with answers suggesting increases in heart rate, respiration, sweating and muscle fatigue, as well as muscle soreness as normal. However, in

P6- follows guidelines to interpret collected data for heart rate, breathing rate and temperature before and after a standard period of exercise

This conclusion was supported by the biological background. The greater amount of previous exercise would cause higher release of lactic acid, inorganic phosphate and also would increase the likelihood of micro damage to the muscle fibres. Thus, greater the amount of previous exercise could lead to greater muscle fatigue which affected the rate of contraction of muscle fibres. Consequently, lower number of cycles was counted within a given time limit, as the

Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J. H., & Costill, D. L. (2015). Physiology of sport and exercise (6th

including running on a treadmill to exhaustion were performed on fifteen participants to record their maximal heart rate and oxygen consumption. Participants ages ranged from 8 to 28 years, and body fat percentages from 14.9% to 33%. After the first tests were completed and the participants allowed their rates to reach normal levels then endured simulated 30 minute motocross races to measure biochemical and functional alterations caused by the racing heat. The results of that test displayed that every one of the participants spent at least 87% of the

Two mechanisms that increase oxygen consumption during physical activity, is the increased total quantity of blood pumped by the heart and the ability to use the already existing large quantities of oxygen carried by the blood6. An increased total quantity of blood pumped by the heart, also known as cardiac output, at maximum has a direct correlation with VO2max6. A near proportionate increase in maximum cardiac output increases in VO2max with in endurance trained and un-trained individuals has been distingushed6. This relationship suggests with physical activity VO2max is increased through an increase of cardiac output.

VO2 max is the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilised by the body during exercise (Bassett and Howley, 2000). It is how CV fitness is measured. Studies show that for sedentary older adults undertaking aerobic training, VO2 has a net increase of 3.78+/-0.28 mL.kg-1.min-1. This is a long term effect, and the best results come after over 20 weeks of aerobic training. (Huang et al., 2004).

However, oxygen consumption should increase because as the body’s metabolic demand increase, the supply of oxygen will be utilized to provide ATP for the muscles. This data was strong because all of the data points had positive consumption values. Hemoglobin saturation was hypothesized to decrease during exercise in similarity to the resting values and increase during the recovery phase. Figure 4 provides strong data to support the hypothesis because although is shows a slight decrease in Hb saturation during exercise, the levels of saturation during the recovery phase did not exceed the initial resting

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a health-related component of physical fitness defined as the ability of the circulatory, respiratory, and muscular systems to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity (Lee, 2010). Maximal oxygen consumption, VO_2max, is one of the most shared ways to measure a subject’s CRF, because it is the measurement of oxygen the subject consumes while doing vigorous exercise. VO_2max is expressed in milliliters of Oxygen, per kilogram of body weight, per minute (ml/kg/min). Setty stated that, VO_2max “is the gold-standard method of cardio-pulmonary and muscle cell fitness” (Setty, 2013).

Nineteen male trained cyclists were a part of the study in which they had to cycle on an ergometer on five to seven different occasions during a period of three weeks. There were three stages the athletes had to complete, one being an incremental stage which lasted until voluntary exhaustion. Next was a continual maximal steady state test where they performed two to three, 30 minute continuous submaximal work. The last study consisted of seven repetitions of four minute exercise followed by two minutes of passive recovery then another seven reps of four minutes followed by active recovery. All three tests measure the blood lactate concentrations and VO2 max (Greco & Barbosa,

The effects of exercise on blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate and electrical activity of the heart were assessed. The measurements of respiration rate, pulse rate and blood pressures were noted as described in Harris-Haller (2016). Data was first taken from subjects in a relaxed position and then followed by sets of reading after exercising based on one minute intervals. The data also noted sitting ECG traces from Harris-Haller (2016). The respiratory rate, pulse, blood pressure, P wave, QRS complex and T wave were defined for each subject. The class average was calculated for males and females and graphed to illustrate the results by gender for each cardiopulmonary factor.

For persons 1-3, as predicted, the heartrate and breathing rate were relatively low with Person 1, respectively, being 74 & 20, Person 2 being 86 & 16 and Person 3 being 73 and 19. The 50m Sprint resulted in having the highest heartrate for persons 1 and 2, 152 and 171 respectively, and the Stairs resulted in being the highest for Person 2 at 130. Strangely, the breaths per minute for persons 1 and 2 were highest, at 40 and 39 respectively, whereas Person 3 experienced their highest breaths at 43 for the 50m Sprint, which coincides with their highest heart rate. These trends show that the hypothesis is correct in the sense that the heart and breathing rate did increase with physical exercise, however, the hypothesised theory that the Sprint

As the intensity of exercise increased, so did the rates of the heart and breathing. After a small period of rest, the heart rate and breathing rate both decreased to a point close to their resting rate. This proved the stated hypothesis. First, the hearts average resting rate was recorded to be 76 bpm. The heart is therefore transporting oxygen and removing carbon dioxide at a reasonably steady rate via the blood. During the low intensity exercise (Slow 20) the heart rate increases to 107 bpm, which further increases to 130bpm at a higher intensity level (Fast 20). The heart therefore needs to beat faster to increase the speed at which oxygen is carried to the cells and the rate at which carbon dioxide is taken away by the blood.