Physiology: Anatomy And Anatomy

Heart valves ensure one way blood flow through heart. The atrioventricular (AV) valves lie between the atria and the ventricles prevents the back flow of blood in to the atria while the ventricles contract. Chordae tendinae anchor AV values to papillary muscles. The left AV valve, the mitral or bicuspid valve consists of two cusps of endocardium. The right atrioventricular valve, the tricuspid valve, has three cusps. The second sets of valve are the semilunar valves. The pulmonary semilunar valves lie between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. Aortic semilunar valves lie between ventricle and the aorta. Semilunar valves prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricle.

The four valves of the heart are the tricuspid valve, the pulmonic valve, the mitral valve, and the aortic valve. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It is responsible for allowing blood to flow from the atrium to the ventricle, preventing backflow of blood into the atrium. The pulmonic valve is located between the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle and is responsible for allowing blood flow from the heart to the lungs. The mitral valve is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle, which allow blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle preventing backflow of blood back into the left atrium. The aortic valve is found between the aorta and the left ventricle and allows blood to flow to the aorta and throughout the body.

The flow of blood through the heart is controlled by four valves. If any are not working correctly, blood cannot flow or be pumped effectively to the heart. The four valves are: the tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, mitral, and aortic semilunar. There are many abnormalities or defects that can affect their operation and in this paper, I will discuss the most common one which is a “mitral valve prolapse.” A valvular prolapse is an abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that causes the valve to not close completely. It is also known as “click murmur syndrome” and “Barlow’s syndrome” and is more prevalent in women than men. It has a strong hereditary

The cardiovascular system delivers blood, nutrients, ions, gases, and heat throughout your body. The cardiovascular system is a transportation system. It supplies oxygen to the body too and this is the most essential function of the cardiovascular system. http://www.livestrong.com/article/164894-5-major-functions-of-the-cardiovascular-system/ The cardiovascular system has other functions too. It carries digested food from the small intestine to all areas in the body that need it, distributes heat and fights diseases by using white blood cells to fight off

The heart is basically a pump that has to circulate the blood around the body delivering oxygenated blood to our organs and then returning deoxygenated blood to our lungs. There are four chambers in the heart, two atria and two ventricles. There are four main valves, mitral, aortic, tricuspid and pulmonary7b.

R E V I E W S H E E T 30 Anatomy of the Heart

The right ventricle fills up  tricuspid valve closes  right ventricle contracts  pulmonary valve opens  the blood flows into the pulmonary artery  pulmonary valve closes  pulmonary artery splits into two vessels each going to the lungs.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) was first characterized by Barlow and Bosman in the 1960s.(Barlow and Bosman) It was first called Barlow’s Syndrome before being called mitral valve prolapse by Criley (Barlow and Bosman),(Criley et al.). Barlow’s syndrome was diagnosed by electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and chest X-ray.3 The mitral valve apparatus includes tow leaflets, chordae tendineae, anulus, left atrium, papillary muscles and left ventricular wall (Devereux et al.). Mitral valve prolapse involves the leaflets, chordae, annulus and left ventricular wall.(Devereux et al.) The anterior leaflet is relatively long and semi-circular, while the posterior leaflet is shorter in normal patients.(Irvine et al.) Most commonly the posterior leaflet is affected.(Devereux et al.) During systole the leaflet balloons in to the left ventricle.(Devereux et al.) Physically, in a patient with mitral valve prolapse, the leaflet is displaced beyond the mitral anulus.(Levine et al.)

The heart is a very strong muscle that has one major job. The heart’s job is to pump blood throughout the entire body. The heart is made up of 4 chambers, and 4 valves. There is the right and left atrium, and a right and left ventricle. The atriums are the superior chambers, and the ventricles are inferior chambers. The left ventricle is the most important, because that is where the blood travels through to go to the aorta, and eventually the rest of the body (Taylor 2015).

The main functions of the cardiovascular system is that that it makes sure that there is transport of materials that the body needs like oxygen and nutrients around the body while getting rid of carbon dioxide and other waste products. But, there are other functions that happen with

In aortic insufficiency, blood in the aorta leaks through the aortic valve after it has closed. As a result, the heart works harder to pump the same amount of blood through the valve as it would if the valve closed tightly. When left untreated, aortic insufficiency causes enlargement and weakening of the left ventricle. When this happens,

The aorta is the largest artery in the body, responsible for providing oxygen to the entire body. An aortic aneurysm occurs when an artery wall of the aorta weakens. The weakening then causes the wall of the aorta to expand and bulge out (United States National Library of Medicine, 2014). Dilation of at least one and a half times the normal diameter of the aorta is qualification for an aneurysm (Novaro, 2014). Nearly 50,000 deaths in the United States annually can be attributed to a thoracic aortic aneurysm (McLarty, A. J., Bishawi, M., Yelika, S. B., Shroyer, A. L., & Romeiser, J, 2015). Although the aorta runs from the heart through the abdomen, the section that runs through the chest is the thoracic aorta. Three specific areas susceptible to development of an aneurysm include the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta (Elefterides, J., Sang, A., Kuzmik, G., & Hornick, M, 2015).

The S-A node signal is delayed by the atrioventricular node to allow the full contraction of the atria that allows the ventricles to reach their maximum volume. A sweeping right to left wave of ventricular contraction then pumps blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems. The semilunar valves that separate the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery and the left ventricle from the aorta open shortly after the ventricles begin to contract. The opening of the semilunar valves ends a brief period of isometric (constant volume) ventricular contraction and initiates a period of rapid ventricular ejection.

reports the amount of force exerted by the blood into the arteries during ventricular contraction.

Surrounding each of these valves are dense fibrous rings or annuli made of connective tissue that forms the cardiac skeleton. The annuli of the aortic valve forms the base for the other annuli as it is located central to the other valves. Fibrous extensions from the annuli of the aortic valve extends outwardly and anchors the other three valves. In addition to the four annuli there are other fibrous components of the cardiac skeleton such as the right and left fibrous trigones, and the membranous septum. The right fibrous trigone is also know as the central