Physiology & Neurobiology

Homeostasis is what allows our internal system to maintain at a constant condition. In order to maintain equilibrium the body must communicate using the control system. It is essential that the body monitors its conditions whether that be blood pressure, thirst sensation or body temperature (this is either gained or lost). Negative feedback is most important and comes first, this allows for the body to correct itself and get back to a set point when it is off track. There are three components that link with this feedback. A sensor (receptor) sends signals to the control center that something is unusual, the control center compares the many values of our normal body range and decides

The cardiovascular system is the process of the heart pumping the blood around the body through blood vessels, arteries, veins and capillaries. The main functions of the system are to transport materials to and from the cells around the body, to assist in temperature, to keep the levels of fluid in the body at the correct level, to distribute heat around the body and to defend the body. This system is the heart, which is a muscle that pumps blood around the body through arteries, veins and capillaries. Blood transports oxygen to the body cells which helps them to metabolise energy in the body. During this process the blood is also getting rid of any waste products of respiration, carbon dioxide and water. Blood also helps to supply heat, hormones, nutrients, salts and urea around the body. The heart is placed in between the lungs which is protected by the rib cage and is the size of a fist.

The area is vulnerable because all of the visceral organs in the peritoneal cavity are not protected by the rib cage. The rib cage only protects the pleural half, which contains the heart, lungs. The kidneys, stomach, liver and other peritoneal visceral organs are

In this case will the early fluid loss the extracellular compartment is likely to be affected. (VanMeter, Hubert p 20)

The presence of fluid in the alveolar space could potentially cause the lung capacity to be effected as well.

The thorax is similar to an airtight box that holds the bronchial tree, lungs, heart, and other structures. The top and sides of the thorax are formed by the ribs and attached muscles, and the bottom is formed by diaphragm which is a large muscle. The chest walls form a protective cage around the lungs and other contents of the chest cavity.

The circulatory system and the respiratory system work closely together to ensure that organ tissues and systems receive enough oxygen. Oxygen is required for cellular functions such as cell respiration. This is so the body’s organs and cells can work at fully; it is done by releasing chemical energy with in stored foods. The air breathed in and held in the lungs is transferred to the blood. The blood is circulated by the heart, which pumps the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body organs and returns with deoxygenated blood.

Air escaped from the lung into the pleural space. Eventually, enough air collected in the pleural space to cause the mediastinum to shift twoard the right. The collapsed left lung, increased intrapleural pressure, and rightward shift make it difficult to ventilate A.W.

In the fetal pig, the heart was enclosed in a pericardial cavity, with the right and left lungs on each side of it (Freeman, et. al). The mediastinum, which includes the pericardium, the esophagus, the trachea, and other structures separates the thoracic cavity into right and left sides (Field, pg. 11). The muscular diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal pelvic cavity, where the digestive and urinary systems are located (Field p. 11). As we worked through the dissection we were able to observe each organ system individually and look deeper into all of the anatomical structures that play a role in its function.

The human body needs fluid in order to live, but sometimes the body can become overloaded with fluid in different areas of the body. In such circumstances, the excess fluid has to be removed. When the space between the chest wall and the lungs, called the pleural space, fills with too much fluid, a thoracentesis is necessary. A thoracentesis is a procedure that is used to relieve the pleural effusion, or

The circulatory system maintains homeostasis, by the controlled and continuous flow of blood that reaches each cell in the body. This allows the mechanisms within the circulatory system to ensure that every cell maintains a constant and balanced internal environment!

Which type of breathing resulted in PCO2 levels closest to the ones we experimented with in this activity – normal

If a gland or more are missing, the tracheoesophageal groove, the paraesophageal area, the carotid sheath, and the thymus should be explored. Cervical thymectomy can be performed on the first surgery, but mediastinum explanation should only performed in patients who have a gland clearly localized to the mediastinum (17,66).

These are pyramidal-shaped areas which are also separated from each other by membranes. There are about 10 of them in each lung. Each segment receives its own blood supply and air supply.

Healthy lung tissue is predominately soft, elastic connective tissue, designed to slide easily over the thorax with each breath. The lungs are covered with visceral pleura which glide fluidly over the parietal pleura of the thoracic cavity thanks to the serous secretion of pleural fluid (Marieb, 2006, p. 430). During inhalation, the lungs expand with air, similar to filling a balloon.